{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T08:23:48Z","timestamp":1794299028164,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2006545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2006545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHMRC Investigator Grants","award":["2019\/GNT1174523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/GNT1174523"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Investigator Grants","award":["2023\/GNT2025294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/GNT2025294"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Investigator Grant","award":["2020\/GNT1194108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/GNT1194108"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Investigator Grant","award":["2022\/GNT2016719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/GNT2016719"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Investigator Grant","award":["2019\/GNT1175487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/GNT1175487"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to evaluate the effects of diagnostic labels and management benefit to harms information for low-risk prostate pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two factorial (3\u2009\u00d7\u20092) online hypothetical experiments randomly assigned participants 1:1:1 to 3 labels: low-risk prostate cancer, Gleason group 1; low-risk prostate neoplasm; or low-risk prostate lesion, with second random assignment 1:1 to high or low information about management options. Participants were Australians at least 50\u2009years of age with a prostate (male individuals) or with a male partner aged at least 50\u2009years (female individuals). The primary outcome was preference for management with curative intent (prostatectomy, radiation therapy) or conservative management (active surveillance, prostate-specific antigen monitoring).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For 1340 males and 1435 females randomly assigned April-June 2024, 50% vs 34% preferred prostate-specific antigen monitoring, 37% vs 46% preferred active surveillance, 7% vs 11% preferred prostatectomy, and 7% vs 8% preferred radiation therapy. The neoplasm label reduced the preference for curative-intent treatment in males (low information risk difference \u2009=\u2009\u20123.9%, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u201210.5% to 2.7%; high information risk difference\u2009=\u2009\u20125.2%, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u201210.6% to 0.2%) and females (low information risk difference\u2009= \u20126.6%, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u201214.3% to 1.1%; high information risk difference\u2009=\u2009\u20122.3%, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u20128.9% to 4.3%). The lesion label reduced the preference for curative-intent treatment among females in low information groups (risk difference\u2009=\u2009\u201211.6%, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u201218.9% to \u20124.3%) but had minimal effect in males and in females in high information groups. High information reduced the preference for curative-intent treatment within the cancer label groups in both studies (risk difference among males\u2009=\u2009\u20124.0%, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u201210.5% to 2.5%; risk difference among females\u2009=\u2009\u201210.3%, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u201217.7% to \u20122.9%). The combination of neoplasm and high information resulted in the largest effects (risk difference among males\u2009=\u2009\u20129.2%, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u201215.1% to \u20123.3%; risk difference among females\u2009=\u2009\u201212.6%, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u201219.9% to \u20125.2%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clear communication about management benefit to harm information and using neoplasm to describe low-risk prostate pathology may support conservative management choices and mitigate overtreatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ANZCTR 386701; 386889.<\/jats:p>\n                  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