{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:40:54Z","timestamp":1790052054392,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005860","name":"Helsefonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-B-0257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-B-0257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005860","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Anita og Tage Therkildsens Fond","award":["100039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100039"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006197","name":"Fonden til L\u00e6gevidenskabens Fremme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["16\u2013145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\u2013145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A man\u2019s risk of prostate cancer has been linked to his prior reproductive history, with low sperm quality, low ejaculation frequency, and a low number of offspring being associated with increased prostate cancer risk. It is, however, highly controversial whether vasectomy, a common sterilization procedure for men, influences prostate cancer risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We established a cohort of all Danish men (born between 1937 and 1996) and linked information on vasectomy, doctor visits, socioeconomic factors, and cancer from nationwide registries using unique personal identification numbers. Incidence risk ratios for prostate cancer by time since vasectomy and age at vasectomy during the follow-up were estimated using log-linear Poisson regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 26\u00a0238 cases of prostate cancer occurred among 2\u00a0150\u00a0162 Danish men during 53.4 million person-years of follow-up. Overall, vasectomized men had an increased risk of prostate cancer compared with nonvasectomized men (relative risk = 1.15, 95% confidence interval = 1.10 to 1.20). The increased risk of prostate cancer following vasectomy persisted for at least 30\u2009years after the procedure and was observed regardless of age at vasectomy and cancer stage at diagnosis. Adjustment for the number of visits to the doctor and socioeconomic factors did not explain the association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vasectomy is associated with a statistically significantly increased long-term risk of prostate cancer. The absolute increased risk following vasectomy is nevertheless small, but our finding supports a relationship between reproductive factors and prostate cancer risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T11:20:27Z","timestamp":1558005627000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer Risk: A 38-Year Nationwide Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7634-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Husby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wohlfahrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mads","family":"Melbye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.03.027","article-title":"Ejaculation frequency and risk of prostate cancer: updated results with an additional decade of follow-up","volume":"70","author":"Rider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25075","article-title":"Increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer among infertile men","volume":"116","author":"Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.05.022","article-title":"Increased risk of cancer among azoospermic men","volume":"100","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.11.080","article-title":"Increased risk of cancer in infertile men: analysis of U.S. claims data","volume":"193","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Semen quality as a predictor of subsequent morbidity: a Danish cohort study of 4,712 men with long-term follow-up","volume":"279","author":"Latif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23230","article-title":"Fatherhood status and prostate cancer risk","volume":"112","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64664-2","article-title":"Prostate cancer is not increased in men with vasectomy in Denmark","volume":"168","author":"Lynge","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"27","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.54.8446","article-title":"Vasectomy and risk of aggressive prostate cancer: a 24-year follow-up study","volume":"32","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Vasectomy and risk of prostate cancer: population based matched cohort study","author":"Nayan","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5546"},{"issue":"32","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3880","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.66.2361","article-title":"Vasectomy and prostate cancer incidence and mortality in a large US cohort","volume":"34","author":"Jacobs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.0062","article-title":"Vasectomy and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)","volume":"35","author":"Smith","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B12","first-page":"535","article-title":"The Danish Cancer Registry\u2014history, content, quality and use","volume":"44","author":"Storm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.08.003","article-title":"EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent","volume":"71","author":"Mottet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"S76","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.1997.tb05617.x","article-title":"Summary of avoidable cancers in the Nordic countries","volume":"105","author":"Olsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv175","article-title":"Impact of changing US cigarette smoking patterns on incident cancer: risks of 20 smoking-related cancers among the women and men of the NIH-AARP cohort","volume":"45","author":"Freedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19990515)18:9<1023::AID-SIM103>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Multivariate competing risks","volume":"18","author":"Wohlfahrt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B17","first-page":"1728","article-title":"The association between vasectomy and prostate cancer","volume":"318","author":"Bhindi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.2.128","article-title":"Prostate cancer\u2014look to Denmark?","volume":"88","author":"Tretli","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2012.702922","article-title":"Prostate cancer in Denmark 1978\u20132009\u2014trends in incidence and mortality","volume":"52","author":"Outzen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Oncol (Madr)"},{"issue":"9","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B20","first-page":"696","article-title":"Use of prostate-specific antigen testing","volume":"172","author":"Mukai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22788","article-title":"Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study","volume":"121","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.08.059","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of tobacco use and prostate cancer mortality and incidence in prospective cohort studies","volume":"66","author":"Islami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)43996-8","article-title":"The endocrine effects of vasectomy: a prospective five-year study","volume":"31","author":"Whitby","year":"1979","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59721-0","article-title":"Annual variation in semen characteristics and plasma hormone levels in men undergoing vasectomy","volume":"49","author":"Reinberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)41190-6","article-title":"Detection of testicular endocrine abnormalities and their correlation with serum antisperm antibodies in men following vasectomy","volume":"141","author":"Fisch","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66696-5","article-title":"Early and late long-term effects of vasectomy on serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels","volume":"154","author":"Mo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"20","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198511143132003","article-title":"Quantitative pathologic changes in the human testis after vasectomy","volume":"313","author":"Jarow","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"2019071505555695900_djz099-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1700732","article-title":"Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer","volume":"377","author":"M\u00f8rch","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jnci\/djz099\/28696342\/djz099.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jnci\/djz099\/28935274\/djz099.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T03:25:48Z","timestamp":1721273148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnci\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/jnci\/djz099\/5497506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djz099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8874","1460-2105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8874","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]]},"article-number":"djz099"}}