{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T23:54:49Z","timestamp":1771026889306,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA050385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA050385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 CA087969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 CA087969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 CA176726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA176726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 CA186107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 CA186107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001006","name":"Breast Cancer Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids common throughout the US diet. Although circulating BCAAs have been implicated in insulin resistance and some obesity-related cancers, the relationship between dietary intake of BCAAs and incident breast cancer is unknown. We sought to evaluate the association between long-term dietary intakes of BCAAs and invasive breast cancer risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our analyses included 196 161 women from the Nurses\u2019 Health Study and Nurses\u2019 Health Study II longitudinal cohorts. Average intakes of total and individual BCAAs (isoleucine, leucine, valine) were estimated from repeated diet questionnaires and incident self-reported breast cancer cases were confirmed via medical record review. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for reproductive history, lifestyle, body mass index, and other breast cancer risk factors, were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We observed 10 046 incident cases of breast cancer over a median of 20.8\u2009years of follow-up. No associations between dietary intakes of total or individual BCAAs with breast cancer risk were observed. Compared with women in the bottom quintile of BCAA intake, the hazard ratio of breast cancer for those in the top quintile was 1.05 (95% confidence interval = 0.98 to 1.12; 2-sided Ptrend = .20). Findings were consistent across molecular subtypes and according to type 2 diabetes diagnosis and body mass index categories.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dietary intakes of BCAAs are not likely a risk factor for breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkab032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T03:19:21Z","timestamp":1618024761000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dietary Intake of Branched Chain Amino Acids and Breast Cancer Risk in the NHS and NHS II Prospective Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deirdre K","family":"Tobias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boyang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2306-8668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rulla M","family":"Tamimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9426-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JoAnn E","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank B","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1458-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter C","family":"Willett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A Heather","family":"Eliassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-013-1500-6","article-title":"Functional amino acids in nutrition and health","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2251","article-title":"Metabolomics in prediabetes and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Guasch-Ferre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dia Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002157","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.118.002157","article-title":"Circulating branched-chain amino acids and incident cardiovascular disease in a prospective cohort of US women","volume":"11","author":"Tobias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Genom Precis Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3686","article-title":"Elevation of circulating branched-chain amino acids is an early event in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma development","volume":"20","author":"Mayers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.31.20185470","article-title":"Branched chain amino acids and risk of breast cancer","volume-title":"medRxiv","author":"Zeleznik","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110730","article-title":"Dietary protein sources and incidence of breast cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g3437","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g3437","article-title":"Dietary protein sources in early adulthood and breast cancer incidence: prospective cohort study","volume":"348","author":"Farvid","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.285841","article-title":"Dietary intakes and circulating concentrations of branched-chain amino acids in relation to incident type 2 diabetes risk among high-risk women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"64","author":"Tobias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.10.20.17886","article-title":"Insulin resistance due to nutrient excess: is it a consequence of AMPK downregulation?","volume":"10","author":"Saha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1870","article-title":"Downregulation of AMPK accompanies leucine- and glucose-induced increases in protein synthesis and insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"59","author":"Saha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"41","key":"2021070823443336600_pkab032-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38052","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106703200","article-title":"Amino acid and insulin signaling via the mTOR\/p70 S6 kinase pathway. 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