{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T14:45:35Z","timestamp":1782225935340,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001006","name":"Breast Cancer Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effect of calcium plus vitamin D (CaD) supplementation on risk of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, a nonobligate precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma, is not well understood. In this secondary analysis, we examined this association in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative CaD trial over approximately 20\u2009years of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 36 282 cancer-free postmenopausal women (50-79\u2009years) were randomly assigned to daily (d) calcium (1000\u2009mg) plus vitamin D (400\u2009IU) supplementation or to a placebo. Personal supplementation with vitamin D (\u2264600\u2009IU\/d, subsequently raised to 1000\u2009IU\/d) and calcium (\u22641000\u2009mg\/d) was allowed. The intervention phase (median\u2009=\u20097.1\u2009years), was followed by a postintervention phase (additional 13.8\u2009years), which included 86.0% of the surviving women. A total of 595 incident DCIS cases were ascertained. Hazard ratios (HRs) plus 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The intervention group had a lower risk of DCIS throughout follow-up (HR\u2009=\u20090.82, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.70 to 0.96) and during the postintervention phase (HR\u2009=\u20090.76, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.61 to 0.94). The group that used CaD personal supplements in combination with the trial intervention had a lower risk of DCIS compared with the trial placebo group that did not use personal supplementation (HR\u2009=\u20090.72, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.56 to 0.91).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CaD supplementation in postmenopausal women was associated with reduced risk of DCIS, raising the possibility that consistent use of these supplements might provide long-term benefits for the prevention of DCIS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkab072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T19:13:53Z","timestamp":1627499633000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Randomized Trial of Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1784-7921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Peila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane A","family":"Cauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rowan","family":"Chlebowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnn E","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9914-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Nassir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi 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