{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:06:18Z","timestamp":1753877178937,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Subgroup analyses in clinical trials assess intervention effects on specific patient subgroups, ensuring generalizability. However, they are usually only able to generate hypotheses rather than definitive conclusions. This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of post hoc subgroup analysis in oncology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We systematically reviewed published subgroup analyses from 2000 to 2022. We included articles presenting secondary, post hoc, or subgroup analyses of interventional clinical trials in oncology, cancer survivorship, or cancer screening, published separately from the original clinical trial publication. We collected cancer type, year of publication, where and how subgroup analyses were reported, and funding.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Out of 16\u200a487 screened publications, 1612 studies were included, primarily subgroup analyses of treatment trials for solid tumors (82%). Medical writers contributed to 31% of articles, and 58% of articles reported conflicts of interest. Subgroup analyses increased significantly over time, with 695 published between 2019 and 2022, compared to 384 from 2000 to 2014. Gastrointestinal tumors (25%) and lymphoid lineage tumors (39%) were the most frequently studied solid and hematological malignancies, respectively. Industry funding and reporting of conflicts of interest increased over time. Subgroup analyses often neglected to indicate their secondary nature in the title. Most authors were from high-income countries, most commonly North America (45%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study demonstrates the rapidly growing use of post hoc subgroup analysis of oncology clinical trials, revealing that the majority are supported by pharmaceutical companies, and they frequently fail to indicate their secondary nature in the title. Given the known methodological limitations of subgroup analyses, caution is recommended among authors, readers, and reviewers when conducting and interpreting these studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkad100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T13:48:55Z","timestamp":1700920135000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of post hoc subgroup analyses of oncology clinical trials: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jawad","family":"Alrawabdeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Jordan , Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marah","family":"Alzu'bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Jordan , Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muntaser","family":"Alzyoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Jordan , Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Odeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Jordan , Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yazan","family":"Hamadneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Jordan , Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Mian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghulam Rehman","family":"Mohyuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amar H","family":"Kelkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron M","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajshekhar","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center , New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Russler-Germain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Mehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA) , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diva","family":"Baggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter MacCallum Cancer Center , Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward R Scheffer","family":"Cliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Program on Regulation, Therapeutics and Law, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4297-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samer","family":"Al Hadidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. 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