{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:30:45Z","timestamp":1792794645938,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Research","award":["PON ARS01 00693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON ARS01 00693"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NRRP\u2013Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.3-NextGenerationEU","award":["PE 00000003-ON"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE 00000003-ON"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Foods-Research and innovation"},{"name":"Sustainability, Safety and Security-Working ON Food\u2013CUP","award":["D93C22000890001-RTDA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D93C22000890001-RTDA"]}]},{"name":"Italian Minister of Health\u2014Ricerca Corrente 2023"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the development of breast cancer and ovarian cancer there may be an influence of lifestyle and environmental factors. This influence could be relevant also in patients with genetic predisposition such as in carriers of germline pathogenic variants in the BRCA genes. However, this issue has been addressed in only a few studies so far.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective, multicenter case-control study, we enrolled participants with a pathogenic variant BRCA gene and divided into 2 groups: group 1, patients with breast cancer and\/or ovarian cancer, and group 2, subjects without cancer. We compared these groups regarding demographic data as age, body mass index, smoking habits, estroprogestinic use, Mediterranean diet, and physical activity. Multivariable analyses were used to identify predisposing factors. All evaluations were 2-tailed and considered statistically significant if the P value\u2009was less than .05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 281 participants, 135 (79.4%) with breast cancer, 32 (18.8%) with ovarian cancer, 3 (1.8%) with both, and 111 unaffected (39.5%) women. Independent risk factors associated with cancer were age (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001); body mass index (P\u2009=\u2009.007); family history (P\u2009=\u2009.002); occupation (P\u2009=\u2009.003); smoking habits (P\u2009=\u2009.012), number of cigarettes smoked (P\u2009=\u2009.016), and pack-year index (P\u2009=\u2009.022); and estroprogestinic use (P\u2009=\u2009.032) and years of estroprogestinic use (P\u2009=\u2009.029). At multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.062; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001), family history (OR = 0.129; P\u2009=\u2009.001), number of cigarettes smoked (P\u2009=\u2009.014), and estroprogestinic use (OR = 2.009; P\u2009=\u2009.025) were statistically significant risk factors associated with cancer development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the development of breast cancer and ovarian cancer, lifestyle and environmental factors seem to play a statistically significant role in the presence of genetic predisposition associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkaf097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:01:38Z","timestamp":1760097698000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lifestyle and environmental factors in women carrying\n                    <i>BRCA<\/i>\n                    pathogenic variants with and without cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0758-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Fabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Unit in Senology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8950-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Cortesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena , Modena,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6279-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Lucci Cordisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Unit in Senology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5048-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Andreina","family":"Terribile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Fiorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Biomedicine\u2014Oncology Area, Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona and Verona University and Hospital Trust , Verona,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7445-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Terrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University Sapienza of Rome , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Mocini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University , Novedrate,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1104-7866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanda","family":"Salutari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4218-6726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pavese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8017-8050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Federica","family":"L\u2019Erario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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