{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:23:17Z","timestamp":1777670597232,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08NS102474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08NS102474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Roderick D. MacDonald Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention & Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP240263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP240263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Molecular profiling has identified 3 groups of meningiomas, with MenG C tumors exhibiting the vast majority of recurrences. Efforts to find effective treatments for recurrent meningiomas have remained elusive. Higher WHO-grade meningiomas have exhibited greater Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression through various methods, but the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression has not been described in the context of molecular profiling. Additionally, trials investigating PD-1\/PD-L1-targeted immunotherapies have produced disappointing results. Here, we find that PD-L1 positivity, while prevalent in MenG C tumors, does not predict recurrence in the benign MenG A and B tumors. PD-L1 positivity also occurs independently of CDKN2A\/B loss, a core component of the WHO grade that is regularly used in clinical trial selection criteria. Our results indicate that future clinical trials for PD-1\/PD-L1 centric immunotherapies should select patients after molecularly profiling tumors to confirm aggressive MenG C status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkag023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T12:52:03Z","timestamp":1772283123000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PD-L1 positivity predicts a unique hyperaggressive tumor group within MenG C meningiomas"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8310-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay","family":"Nitturi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9454-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shervin Hosseingholi","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3730-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collin","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4927-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiang-Chih","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ledbetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4155-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0579-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2627-9754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5916-5668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob J","family":"Mandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5450-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Basit","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif O","family":"Harmanci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Secure Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare (SAFE), D. Bradley McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston (UTHealth) , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6374-9041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akdes S","family":"Harmanci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8182-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiemo","family":"Klisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1280-2989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akash J","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad149","article-title":"CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2016\u20142020","volume":"25","author":"Ostrom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac224","article-title":"Hypermitotic meningiomas harbor DNA methylation subgroups with distinct biological and clinical features","volume":"25","author":"Choudhury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01061-8","article-title":"Meningioma DNA methylation groups identify biological drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities","volume":"54","author":"Choudhury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03850-3","article-title":"A clinically applicable integrative molecular classification of meningiomas","volume":"597","author":"Nassiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21715","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912858116","article-title":"Molecular profiling predicts meningioma recurrence and reveals loss of DREAM complex repression in aggressive tumors","volume":"116","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02543-7","article-title":"Even heterozygous loss of CDKN2A\/B greatly accelerates recurrence in aggressive meningioma","volume":"145","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-04171-9","article-title":"Radiotherapy for meningiomas","volume":"160","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00601-9","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating PD-L1 expression in cancers and associated opportunities for novel small-molecule therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4704","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3082","article-title":"Increased expression of the immune modulatory molecule PD-L1 (CD274) in anaplastic meningioma","volume":"6","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab118","article-title":"Activity of PD-1 blockade with nivolumab among patients with recurrent atypical\/anaplastic meningioma: phase II trial results","volume":"24","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29052-7","article-title":"Phase 2 study of pembrolizumab in patients with recurrent and residual high-grade meningiomas","volume":"13","author":"Brastianos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PO.18.00190","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.18.00190","article-title":"Mismatch repair deficiency in high-grade meningioma: a rare but recurrent event associated with dramatic immune activation and clinical response to PD-1 blockade","volume":"2018","author":"Dunn","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol."},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vdae092","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae092","article-title":"Response to immune checkpoint inhibition in a meningioma with DNA mismatch repair deficiency","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurooncol Adv"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-019-00999-9","article-title":"Prognostic impacts of the combined positive score and the tumor proportion score for programmed death ligand-1 expression by double immunohistochemical staining in patients with advanced gastric cancer","volume":"23","author":"Yamashita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04710-6","article-title":"Leveraging single-cell sequencing to classify and characterize tumor subgroups in bulk RNA-sequencing data","volume":"168","author":"Shetty","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70124","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70124","article-title":"PD-L1 expression pattern as predictive factor of biological behaviour in intracranial meningiomas: a single-center retrospective study","volume":"56","author":"Gaggero","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70514-z","article-title":"Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in meningioma; prognostic significance and its association with hypoxia and NFKB2 expression","volume":"10","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2023-0536-CP","article-title":"Programmed death ligand-1 and tumor mutation burden testing of patients with lung cancer for selection of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies: guideline from the College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, Pulmonary Pathology Society, and LUNGevity Foundation","volume":"148","author":"Sholl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2026042903563435100_pkag023-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70124","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70124","article-title":"PD-L1 expression pattern as predictive factor of biological behaviour in intracranial meningiomas: a single-center retrospective study","volume":"56","author":"Gaggero","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["JNCI Cancer Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jncics\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jncics\/pkag023\/67273393\/pkag023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jncics\/article-pdf\/10\/2\/pkag023\/67273393\/pkag023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jncics\/article-pdf\/10\/2\/pkag023\/67273393\/pkag023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:57:18Z","timestamp":1777449438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jncics\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jncics\/pkag023\/8510732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jncics\/pkag023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2515-5091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2515-5091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"article-number":"pkag023"}}