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Globally, approximately 2.3 million cancer cases (12% of all cancers) are attributable to infection each year. Main causes are Helicobacter pylori (850\u2009000), human papillomavirus (HPV; 730\u2009000), hepatitis B virus (HBV; 380\u2009000), EBV (240\u2009000), and hepatitis C virus (160\u2009000). Infection-attributable cancer burden varies greatly, exceeding 25% of all cancers in parts of Asia and in sub-Saharan Africa where HIV also causes an important cancer burden. Substantial progress in effective interventions has been made, often informed by IARC-led research. IARC Codes Against Cancer provide recommendations for reducing infection-attributable cancer risk including by prophylactic vaccines (HPV and HBV), diagnosis and treatment of infections (hepatitis C virus, HBV, HIV, and H. pylori), and screening to detect and treat precancerous lesions (HPV). Improving efficiency and implementation of existing interventions and developing novel tools (eg, EBV and H. pylori vaccines) are crucial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgaf040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T14:17:56Z","timestamp":1762265876000},"page":"59-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oncogenic infections: targets highly amenable to cancer prevention"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Catharina","family":"Alberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam , Amsterdam,","place":["Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centre , Amsterdam,","place":["Netherlands"]},{"name":"Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization (IARC\/WHO) , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2425-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Georges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization (IARC\/WHO) , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-8071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Franceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano IRCCS , Aviano,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iacopo","family":"Baussano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization (IARC\/WHO) , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization (IARC\/WHO) , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Rumgay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO) , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0124-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Partha","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization (IARC\/WHO) , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7534-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization (IARC\/WHO) , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042014435970100_lgaf040-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91524-7","article-title":"Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"283","author":"Epstein","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026042014435970100_lgaf040-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(25)00403-6","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of hepatitis D virus, human cytomegalovirus, and Merkel cell polyomavirus","volume":"26","author":"Karagas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026042014435970100_lgaf040-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgaf039","article-title":"Progress in identifying the preventable causes of human cancer: the experience of the IARC Monographs program","author":"Schubauer-Berigan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr."},{"key":"2026042014435970100_lgaf040-B4","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026042014435970100_lgaf040-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.4273","article-title":"Cancers attributable to infections in the US in 2017: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Volesky-Avellaneda","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2026042014435970100_lgaf040-B6","first-page":"1","article-title":"IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 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