{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T19:02:55Z","timestamp":1793300575447,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/64.2.113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,11]],"date-time":"2016-01-11T20:17:05Z","timestamp":1452543425000},"page":"113-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1413,"title":["Extensive Involvement of Autophagy in Alzheimer Disease: An Immuno-Electron Microscopy Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Ralph A.","family":"Nixon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Wegiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Haung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrinne","family":"Peterhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Cataldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Cuervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240409"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2003.09.001"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.3","first-page":"139","article-title":"Anterograde versus retrograde degeneration of the nucleus basalis medialis in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"24","author":"Pearson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199902000-00008"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.5","first-page":"218","article-title":"The cortical neuritic dystrophy of Alzheimer's disease: nature, significance, and possible pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Larner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026073324672"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260511"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.7.2628"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45159"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-1637(03)00029-1"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/dnp.2002.15.9.740233"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.9.829"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0750436.x"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00067-1"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007675508413"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02815106"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90324-0"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6142","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-16-06142.1997","article-title":"Increased neuronal endocytosis and protease delivery to early endosomes in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: Neuropathologic evidence for a mechanism of increased beta-amyloidogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Cataldo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64538-5"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M108161200"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304122200"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.02.027"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)32449-3","article-title":"Evidence that production and release of amyloid beta-protein involves the endocytic pathway","volume":"269","author":"Koo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nixon RA . Endosome function and dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Aging, In press","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.09.018"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)92772-I"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1362"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10672","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-33-10672.2003","article-title":"Emerging role for autophagy in the removal of aggresomes in Schwann cells","volume":"23","author":"Fortun","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5744-03.2004"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.64.233"},{"issue":"1","key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.6.2052S","article-title":"Amino acids as regulators of proteolysis","volume":"133","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.27.431"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262338601400309"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.33","first-page":"113","article-title":"Autophagy: A barrier or an adaptive response to cancer","volume":"1603","author":"Ogier-Denis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.27.421"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5497.1717"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.110.6.1935"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.110.6.1923"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.102.3.515","article-title":"Autophagic vacuoles rapidly fuse with preexisting lysosomes in cultured hepatocytes","volume":"102","author":"Lawrence","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(88)90556-6"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.136.1.61"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.121.2.305"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.42","first-page":"897","article-title":"Autophagy in neurons: A review","volume":"17","author":"Larsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2002.02869.x"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(02)01371-8"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902830310"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401280"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg346"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00861-9"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7268","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-19-07268.2000","article-title":"Huntingtin expression stimulates endosomal-lysosomal activity, endosome tubulation, and autophagy","volume":"20","author":"Kegel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2002-1432","article-title":"How do neurons degenerate in prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs): Neuronal autophagy revisited","volume":"62","author":"Liberski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars)"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.51","first-page":"25","article-title":"Apoptosis and autophagy in nigral neurons of patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Anglade","year":"1997","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688828"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199311000-00009"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.54","first-page":"947","article-title":"Subcellular localization of amyloid precursor protein in senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"140","author":"Kawai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010000199"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.93.1.144"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.57","first-page":"613","article-title":"Immunodetection of cathepsin D in neuritic plaques found in brains of patients with dementia of Alzheimer type","volume":"30","author":"Bernstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hirnforsch"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90456-L"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.59","first-page":"46","article-title":"Effect of leupeptin on the autophagic vacuolar system of rat hepatocytes: Correlation between ultrastructure and degradation of membrane and cytosolic proteins","volume":"51","author":"Henell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.05.010"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00036"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.21.5720"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0854.2002.30704.x"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtzman E . Lysosomes. Cellular organelles. Siekevitz p (ed). New York: Plenum Press, 1989:1\u2013439","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2540-4"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.11.1.255"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.66","first-page":"341","article-title":"Time course of vinblastine-induced autophagocytosis and changes in the endoplasmic reticulum in murine pancreatic acinar cells: A morphometric and biochemical study","volume":"71","author":"Rez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55161-9","article-title":"Membrane markers of endoplasmic reticulum preserved in autophagic vacuolar membranes isolated from leupeptin-administered rat liver","volume":"266","author":"Ueno","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199606000-00004"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.69","first-page":"269","article-title":"Ultrastructural studies in Alzheimer's presenile dementia","volume":"44","author":"Terry","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.10.3861"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18291.x"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)00259-2"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91563-8"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.8.3156"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6056","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-19-06056.1996","article-title":"Dynamic organization of endocytic pathways in axons of cultured sympathetic neurons","volume":"16","author":"Overly","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(04)00099-1"},{"key":"2016011117165975000_64.2.113.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207521"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuropathology &amp; Experimental Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T23:18:07Z","timestamp":1748733487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnen\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/jnen\/64.2.113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1093\/jnen\/64.2.113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/64.2.113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3069","1554-6578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3069","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-6578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}}}