{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:02:54Z","timestamp":1790625774066,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation William Stamps Farish Fund Patrick"},{"name":"Dr. Rita Eisenberg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The early neuropathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\/motor neuron disease (ALS\/MND) are protein aggregates in motor neurons and microglial activation. Similar pathology characterizes Guamanian ALS\/Parkinsonism dementia complex, which may be triggered by the cyanotoxin \u03b2-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA). We report here the occurrence of ALS\/MND-type pathological changes in vervets (Chlorocebus sabaeus; n\u2009=\u20098) fed oral doses of a dry powder of BMAA HCl salt (210\u2009mg\/kg\/day) for 140\u2009days. Spinal cords and brains from toxin-exposed vervets were compared to controls fed rice flour (210\u2009mg\/kg\/day) and to vervets coadministered equal amounts of BMAA and l-serine (210\u2009mg\/kg\/day). Immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis were used to examine markers of ALS\/MND and glial activation. UHPLC-MS\/MS was used to confirm BMAA exposures in dosed vervets. Motor neuron degeneration was demonstrated in BMAA-dosed vervets by TDP-43+ proteinopathy in anterior horn cells, by reactive astrogliosis, by activated microglia, and by damage to myelinated axons in the lateral corticospinal tracts. Vervets dosed with BMAA + l-serine displayed reduced neuropathological changes. This study demonstrates that chronic dietary exposure to BMAA causes ALS\/MND-type pathological changes in the vervet and coadministration of l-serine reduces the amount of reactive gliosis and the number of protein inclusions in motor neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlaa002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T10:09:33Z","timestamp":1582193373000},"page":"393-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["<scp>l<\/scp>-Serine Reduces Spinal Cord Pathology in a Vervet Model of Preclinical ALS\/MND"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9323-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6401-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Alan","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida"},{"name":"Brain Chemistry Labs , Jackson Hole, Wyoming"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5183-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Anne","family":"Banack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida"},{"name":"Brain Chemistry Labs , Jackson Hole, Wyoming"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia D","family":"Lecusay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna P","family":"Garamszegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Hagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Chemistry Labs , Jackson Hole, Wyoming"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3011-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James S","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Chemistry Labs , Jackson Hole, Wyoming"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9460-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta M","family":"Palmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Foundation , St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-9999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Beierschmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Foundation , St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine , St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1085-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter G","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah C","family":"Mash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida"},{"name":"Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University , Davie, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032523311720700_nlaa002-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8313-y","article-title":"Factors predicting survival in ALS: A multicenter Italian study","volume":"264","author":"Calvo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2024032523311720700_nlaa002-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.182","article-title":"Gene discovery in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Implications for clinical management","volume":"13","author":"Al-Chalabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2024032523311720700_nlaa002-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2015.07.012","article-title":"Neuropathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its variants","volume":"33","author":"Saberi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2024032523311720700_nlaa002-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26289","article-title":"Inflammation, immunity, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: I. 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