{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T19:16:52Z","timestamp":1780341412586,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG062517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG062517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG072972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG072972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BrEast and BrAin Heath Equity Research"},{"name":"April Krueger v. Wyeth, Inc., Case","award":["03-cv-2496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03-cv-2496"]}]},{"name":"US District Court"},{"name":"Frances Lazda Endowed Chair in Women\u2019s Cardiovascular Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Microinfarcts and microhemorrhages are characteristic lesions of cerebrovascular disease. Although multiple studies have been published, there is no one universal standard criteria for the neuropathological assessment of cerebrovascular disease. In this study, we propose a novel application of machine learning in the automated screening of microinfarcts and microhemorrhages. Utilizing whole slide images (WSIs) from postmortem human brain samples, we adapted a patch-based pipeline with convolutional neural networks. Our cohort consisted of 22 cases from the University of California Davis Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center brain bank with hematoxylin and eosin-stained formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections across 3 anatomical areas: frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes (40 WSIs with microinfarcts and\/or microhemorrhages, 26 without). We propose a multiple field-of-view prediction step to mitigate false positives. We report screening performance (ie, the ability to distinguish microinfarct\/microhemorrhage-positive from microinfarct\/microhemorrhage-negative WSIs), and detection performance (ie, the ability to localize the affected regions within a WSI). Our proposed approach improved detection precision and screening accuracy by reducing false positives thereby achieving 100% screening accuracy. Although this sample size is small, this pipeline provides a proof-of-concept for high efficacy in screening for characteristic brain changes of cerebrovascular disease to aid in screening of microinfarcts\/microhemorrhages at the WSI level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlae120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T23:46:26Z","timestamp":1735256786000},"page":"114-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A machine learning approach to automate microinfarct and microhemorrhage screening in hematoxylin and eosin-stained human brain tissues"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2787-1685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Cerny Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joohi","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, CA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajinkya","family":"Chaudhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen-ching S","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viharkumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amparo C","family":"Villablanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee-Way","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"DeCarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2772-387X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen-Nee","family":"Chuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2141-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany N","family":"Dugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021710372943800_nlae120-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0676-5","article-title":"Post-mortem assessment in vascular dementia: advances and aspirations","volume":"14","author":"McAleese","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2025021710372943800_nlae120-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.4.637","article-title":"Classification of cerebrovascular diseases, III. 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