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Following experimental TBI, Chi3l1 transcripts were detected in reactive astrocytes located within the pericontusional cortex. However, the cellular sources of CHI3L1 in response to hemorrhagic contusions in human brain remain unidentified. Hence, we examined a comprehensive collection of histologically defined acute and subacute human cerebral contusions with various surgical intervals using immunohistochemistry, validated through double immunofluorescence for markers such as GFAP, NeuN, MBP, and Iba-1, along with Fluoro-Jade C histofluorescence staining. CHI3L1 was found at meningeal interfaces, showing significant thickening of subpial glial plate. Paradoxically, CHI3L1-positive astrocytes were identified in neuroanatomical locations distant from hemorrhagic foci, where numerous eosinophilic ischemic neurons also exhibited CHI3L1 immunoreactivity. CHI3L1 immunostaining extended into white matter tracts and highlighted various phagocytic or activated microglia forms after delayed surgical decompressions. Given these findings, we advise against using CHI3L1 as a reactive astrogliosis marker due to its expression in multiple cell types, including astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes, ependymocytes, leptomeningeal cells, microglia, and blood vessels. This non-selective response underscores the potential for CHI3L1 elevation patterns in biofluids to reflect the overall lesion burden extent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlaf002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T19:28:21Z","timestamp":1737401301000},"page":"305-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of Chitinase 3-like protein 1 spatiotemporal distribution in human post-traumatic brain contusions and other neuropathological scenarios"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9057-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina S\u00e1nchez","family":"Carabias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurotraumatology and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research Unit, Area 8: Neurosciences and Mental Health, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12) , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3305-0165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria Cunha","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurotraumatology and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research Unit, Area 8: Neurosciences and Mental Health, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12) , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1642-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelio","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez La\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Neuro-oncology Research Unit, Area 1: Cancer, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12) , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3996-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Lagares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurotraumatology and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research Unit, Area 8: Neurosciences and Mental Health, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12) , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032011002638800_nlaf002-B1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Studies on serum YKL-40 as a biomarker in diseases with 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