{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T18:43:12Z","timestamp":1769712192477,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Haidian Original Innovation Joint Fund","award":["2022L222016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022L222016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004772","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024AAC03739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AAC03739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471745"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471745"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82201311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mechanisms of cognitive impairment in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants remain unclear. We investigated clinical effects and mechanisms of sodium butyrate (NaB) treatment in a SGA rat model. Behavioral tests, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology analysis were performed on controls and on SGA rats divided into SGA, SGA + NaB, and SGA + NaB + upadacitinib (a JAK1 inhibitor) groups. Compared to the controls, SGA rats showed weakened neuroreflexes, impaired short-term learning and memory, and manifestations of anxiety and depression. Hippocampal neurons were damaged and apoptotic, and expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 and the JAK1\/STAT3 inflammatory pathway were increased in the SGA rats. NaB improved neuroreflexes, learning and memory, anxiety and depressive behaviors, and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in SGA rats whereas NaB + upadacitinib treatment did not significantly improve these indicators. NaB upregulated JAK1\/STAT3 pathway expression in hippocampal neurons of SGA rats and downregulated IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 expression; NaB + upadacitinib treatment had the opposite effects. Thus, NaB improved the neurobehavioral performance of SGA rats and reduced damage of hippocampal neurons by activating the JAK1\/STAT3 pathway. This study reveals a mechanism of cognitive impairment in SGA infants, providing possible new therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlaf085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T17:51:58Z","timestamp":1753293118000},"page":"136-145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sodium butyrate improves the effects of brain injury in a small-for-gestational-age rat model by activating the JAK1\/STAT3 pathway"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7487-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Medical Center, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaona","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Medical Center, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuyue","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Medical Center, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Medical Center, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinlin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Medical Center, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-3575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nana","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Medical Center, Peking University First Hospital , 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