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However, postinjury synaptic plasticity in non-human primates, which better mirror human neuroanatomy, is less well understood. This study investigated the effects of T10 thoracic spinal cord hemisection or over-hemisection (transection beyond the posterior median sulcus) injuries in 7 rhesus monkeys. Analysis of lumbar motor neurons (MNs) innervating gluteal and crural muscles showed increased inhibitory projections and a shift in the excitatory-inhibitory balance. In the hemisection group, spontaneous recovery of motor function occurred, with lumbar MNs on the injured side receiving increased proprioceptive afferent inputs compared to the intact side, a phenomenon absent in the over-hemisection group. Additionally, the injured side of hemisected monkeys retained more descending monoaminergic fibers, possibly due to sprouting from contralateral intact fibers. These changes, including enhanced proprioceptive inputs and monoaminergic fiber sprouting, may contribute to spontaneous recovery after hemisection and represent potential targets for therapeutic strategies to improve recovery following spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlaf128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T11:46:21Z","timestamp":1762775181000},"page":"237-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasticity of synapses innervating spinal motor neurons after spinal cord injury in rhesus monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Ziyu","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, , Wuhan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruoying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9176-5150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, 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