{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:57:21Z","timestamp":1790200641197,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, affecting approximately 13.7 million people worldwide and causing 5.5 million deaths annually. Effective treatment options for ischemic stroke are still limited and existing clinical interventions have limitations such as the time window for treatment. Therefore, research is needed to find complementary therapies that can reduce the complications of stroke or prevent its occurrence. Atorvastatin is an oral medication used to lower lipid levels via competitive inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, which results in decreased cholesterol production. Much evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of atorvastatin in stroke but few studies have specifically examined its neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms. This review focuses on the neuroprotective actions of atorvastatin in preclinical and clinical studies and provides an updated discussion on molecular mechanisms contributing to these possible effects in ischemic stroke. We hope that this review will help readers gain a better understanding of the roles of atorvastatin in cerebral ischemic stroke and provide more comprehensive insights for basic research and novel strategies for the treatment of patients with stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlag009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:20:42Z","timestamp":1778674842000},"page":"815-830","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Atorvastatin and ischemic stroke: Mechanisms and therapeutic applications"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Peyman","family":"Esmaili-Shahzade-Ali-Akbari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Azami Tameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houman","family":"Parsaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan,","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Neuroscience Research Institute, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Barati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences , Saveh,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Vahidinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2210","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01270.2005","article-title":"Atorvastatin protects against cerebral infarction via inhibition of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in ischemic stroke","volume":"291","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-014-0112-3","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the ischemic tolerance in brain: effect of the homocysteine","volume":"35","author":"Lehotsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21817","article-title":"Mechanisms of neuronal cell death in ischemic stroke and their therapeutic implications","volume":"42","author":"Tuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2021.153415","article-title":"The effect of female sex hormones on Hsp27 phosphorylation and histological changes in prefrontal cortex after tMCAO","volume":"221","author":"Vahidinia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlac011","article-title":"Calcitriol pretreatment attenuates glutamate neurotoxicity by regulating NMDAR and CYP46A1 gene expression in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"81","author":"Khassafi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-023-04793-1","article-title":"The potential therapeutic effect of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in the acute ischemic stroke (AIS)","volume":"479","author":"AlRuwaili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01240-x","article-title":"The potential therapeutic effect of statins in multiple sclerosis: beneficial or detrimental effects","volume":"31","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102209","article-title":"New insight on the possible role of statins in vascular parkinsonism: a need for presumptive therapy","volume":"95","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2014.06.007","article-title":"Statins in neurological disorders: an overview and update","volume":"88","author":"Malfitano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10632","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.December.18.5","article-title":"Protection effect of atorvastatin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury rats by blocking the mitochondrial permeability transition pore","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet Mol Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000165920.67784.58","article-title":"HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve acute ischemic stroke outcome","volume":"36","author":"Moonis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.05.026","article-title":"Does statin in the acute phase of ischemic stroke improve outcome after intravenous thrombolysis? A retrospective study","volume":"308","author":"Cappellari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000337862","article-title":"Preferential effect of premorbid statins on atherothrombotic strokes through collateral circulation enhancement","volume":"68","author":"Sargento-Freitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600034","article-title":"Atorvastatin induction of VEGF and BDNF promotes brain plasticity after stroke in mice","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-4565","article-title":"Atorvastatin alleviates oxidative damage by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway after brain ischemia in mice","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000143319.73503.38","article-title":"Effects of statins on endothelium and signaling mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Endres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0110","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of statins\u2013basic research and clinical perspectives","volume":"74","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003045397-10","volume-title":"Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis","author":"Yu","year":"2020","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179573517693802","DOI":"10.1177\/1179573517693802","article-title":"Role of transporters in central nervous system drug delivery and blood-brain barrier protection: relevance to treatment of stroke","volume":"9","author":"Brzica","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cent Nerv Syst Dis"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200767001-00002","article-title":"Atorvastatin: pharmacological characteristics and lipid-lowering effects","volume":"67","author":"Poli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-023-01125-9","article-title":"Treatment of ischemic stroke by atorvastatin-loaded PEGylated liposome","volume":"15","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043649","article-title":"Oatp (organic anion transporting polypeptide)-mediated transport: a mechanism for atorvastatin neuroprotection in stroke","volume":"54","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7609","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207609","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of stroke: present status and future perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-6-11","article-title":"Pathophysiology, treatment, and animal and cellular models of human ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Woodruff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2004.00299.x","article-title":"Chemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of statins: an update","volume":"19","author":"Schachter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059344","article-title":"Structural mechanism for statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase","volume":"292","author":"Istvan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3513311","article-title":"A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"232","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1B","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00030-7","article-title":"Consensus statement: role of therapy with \u201cstatins\u201d in patients with hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"81","author":"Grundy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.05.010","article-title":"Statins in stroke prevention: what an internist should know","volume":"19","author":"Guerra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Int Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.032","article-title":"Atorvastatin alleviates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via modulating the microbial composition and the intestinal barrier function in ischemic stroke mice","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-005-0833-9","article-title":"Effects of atorvastatin on inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"20","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00883-0","article-title":"Treatment with atorvastatin during vascular remodeling promotes pericyte-mediated blood-brain barrier maturation following ischemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.162755","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury through the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.286954","article-title":"Microglia-associated neuroinflammation is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.55085","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells improve ischemic stroke injury by anti-inflammatory properties in rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"20","author":"Nejati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2009.02.010","article-title":"Psychoneuroimmunology of stroke","volume":"29","author":"Skinner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-02-412726","article-title":"Neutralization of the IL-17 axis diminishes neutrophil invasion and protects from ischemic stroke","volume":"120","author":"Gelderblom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.534503","article-title":"Temporal and spatial dynamics of cerebral immune cell accumulation in stroke","volume":"40","author":"Gelderblom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00361","article-title":"Activated regulatory T cell regulates neural stem cell proliferation in the subventricular zone of normal and ischemic mouse brain through interleukin 10","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23815","article-title":"Adoptive regulatory T-cell therapy protects against cerebral ischemia","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M010876","article-title":"Atorvastatin upregulates regulatory T cells and reduces clinical disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"52","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.5.3524","article-title":"Statins induce regulatory T cell recruitment via a CCL1 dependent pathway","volume":"181","author":"Mira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-016-9706-5","article-title":"Atorvastatin modulates regulatory T cells and attenuates cerebral damage in a model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats","volume":"12","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Perea","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-19-99","article-title":"SDF-1\u03b1 upregulation by atorvastatin in rats with acute myocardial infarction via nitric oxide production confers anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects","volume":"19","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03693-w","article-title":"FGF23 ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury via modulation of endothelial progenitor cells: targeting SDF-1\/CXCR4 signaling","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.01.030","article-title":"Atorvastatin protects rat brains against permanent focal ischemia and downregulates HMGB1, HMGB1 receptors (RAGE and TLR4), NF-\u03baB expression","volume":"471","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B47","first-page":"10799","article-title":"Effect of atorvastatin on expression of TLR4 and NF-\u03baB in stroke rats and its protective effect on brain","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.04.003","article-title":"Brain injury induces specific changes in the caecal microbiota of mice via altered autonomic activity and mucoprotein production","volume":"57","author":"Houlden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00433","article-title":"Targeting myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated oxidative stress and inflammation for reducing brain ischemia injury: potential application of natural compounds","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B50","first-page":"703","article-title":"C. Cyclooxygenase-2 promoting the expression of E-selectin and the cerebral protective effects of breviscapine after cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"49","author":"Zhan-Chuan Yy-cR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Anatomica Sinica"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11062-014-9452-3","article-title":"Effects of atorvastatin on E-selectin and myeloperoxidase expressions after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"46","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2008.01.001","article-title":"Cross-talk between statins and PPAR\u03b1 in cardiovascular diseases: clinical evidence and basic mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Paumelle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12035","article-title":"PPAR \u03b1 is involved in the multitargeted effects of a pretreatment with atorvastatin in experimental stroke","volume":"28","author":"Ouk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03777-y","article-title":"Atorvastatin promotes pro\/anti-inflammatory phenotypic transformation of microglia via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway in hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats","volume":"61","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.671594","article-title":"Final infarct volume is a stronger predictor of outcome than recanalization in patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion treated with endovascular therapy","volume":"43","author":"Zaidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.3661","article-title":"Mediation of the relationship between endovascular therapy and functional outcome by follow-up infarct volume in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"76","author":"Boers","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70055-8","article-title":"Brain oedema in focal ischaemia: molecular pathophysiology and theoretical implications","volume":"6","author":"Simard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00108","article-title":"The Central role of aquaporins in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke","volume":"9","author":"Vella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22511","article-title":"p120 catenin\/\u03b1N-catenin are molecular targets in the neuroprotection and neuronal plasticity mediated by atorvastatin after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"88","author":"C\u00e9spedes-Rubio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J of Neuroscience Research"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23426","article-title":"GluN2B N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor subunit mediates atorvastatin-induced neuroprotection after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"92","author":"Gutierrez-Vargas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.11.018","article-title":"Continuous oral administration of atorvastatin ameliorates brain damage after transient focal ischemia in rats","volume":"94","author":"Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019879666","article-title":"Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and stromal cell-derived factor-1 combination therapy: a more effective treatment for cerebral ischemic stroke","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11981","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.20.11981","article-title":"Direct immunogold labeling of aquaporin-4 in square arrays of astrocyte and ependymocyte plasma membranes in rat brain and spinal cord","volume":"95","author":"Rash","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.10.040","article-title":"Reduced brain edema and infarct volume in aquaporin-4 deficient mice after transient focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"584","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767470","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.767470","article-title":"Cerebral microcirculation, perivascular unit, and glymphatic system: role of aquaporin-4 as the gatekeeper for water homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"Szczygielski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/72256","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Manley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2430","article-title":"Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in expression of the water channel protein aquaporin-4 after ischemia in rat cortical astrocytes","volume":"29","author":"Nito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.07.011","article-title":"Atorvastatin pretreatment attenuates ischemic brain edema by suppressing aquaporin 4","volume":"27","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.02.036","article-title":"Neuroprotection of early and short-time applying atorvastatin in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia: down-regulated 12\/15-LOX, p38MAPK and cPLA2 expression, ameliorated BBB permeability","volume":"1325","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.30.2.169","article-title":"Diverse effects of statins on angiogenesis: new therapeutic avenues","volume":"30","author":"Elewa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2174\/157340310791658802","article-title":"Angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Angels Font","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2013.03.004","article-title":"Rosuvastatin in experimental brain trauma: improved capillary patency but no effect on edema or cerebral blood flow","volume":"88","author":"Jungner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mca.0000131572.14521.8a","article-title":"Effects of statins on endothelium and their contribution to neovascularization by mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"15","author":"Walter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.09.070","article-title":"Gas6\/Axl-PI3K\/Akt pathway plays a central role in the effect of statins on inorganic phosphate-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"556","author":"Son","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000014081.30867.F8","article-title":"Double-edged role of statins in angiogenesis signaling","volume":"90","author":"Urbich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47116-5","article-title":"Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"269","author":"Waltenberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00230-3","article-title":"A blood\u2013brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity","volume":"17","author":"Kadry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2012.11.024","article-title":"The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) pathway regulates developmental cerebral-vascular stability via prenylation-dependent signalling pathway","volume":"373","author":"Eisa-Beygi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy539","article-title":"Atorvastatin treatment of cavernous angiomas with symptomatic hemorrhage exploratory proof of concept (AT CASH EPOC) trial","volume":"85","author":"Polster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.489765","article-title":"NADPH oxidase plays a central role in blood-brain barrier damage in experimental stroke","volume":"38","author":"Kahles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12496","article-title":"Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian dentate gyrus","volume":"49","author":"Abbott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11870-x","article-title":"RBM3 promotes neurogenesis in a niche-dependent manner via IMP2-IGF2 signaling pathway after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Commun"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615998","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.615998","article-title":"Notoginsenoside R1 improves cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury by promoting neurogenesis via the BDNF\/Akt\/CREB pathway","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1267-6","article-title":"Atorvastatin rejuvenates neural stem cells injured by oxygen\u2013glucose deprivation and induces neuronal differentiation through activating the PI3K\/Akt and ERK pathways","volume":"56","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2015.11.4.297","article-title":"The role of the PI3K pathway in the regeneration of the damaged brain by neural stem cells after cerebral infarction","volume":"11","author":"Koh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.8.8.8147","article-title":"How ERK1\/2 activation controls cell proliferation and cell death: is subcellular localization the answer?","volume":"8","author":"Mebratu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.490946","article-title":"Atorvastatin promotes presenilin-1 expression and Notch1 activity and increases neural progenitor cell proliferation after stroke","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.09.026","article-title":"\u03b4-catenin is required for the maintenance of neural structure and function in mature cortex in vivo","volume":"64","author":"Matter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.05.018","article-title":"p120 catenin regulates dendritic spine and synapse development through Rho-family GTPases and cadherins","volume":"51","author":"Elia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2006.08.004","article-title":"Regulation of cell\u2013cell junctions by the cytoskeleton","volume":"18","author":"M\u00e8ge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B91","first-page":"67","article-title":"Molecular anatomy of interendothelial junctions in human blood-brain barrier microvessels","volume":"42","author":"Vorbrodt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia Histochem Cytobiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.01.026","article-title":"Atorvastatin requires geranylgeranyl transferase-I and Rac1 activation to exert neuronal protection and induce plasticity","volume":"62","author":"Posada-Duque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03545-X","article-title":"In vitro activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1\/2 in the inner ear of Guinea pigs","volume":"956","author":"Hess","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180222155833","article-title":"The role of inflammatory response in stroke associated programmed cell death","volume":"16","author":"Duris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01001","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1001","article-title":"Biphasic effects of statins on neuron cell functions under oxygen\u2013glucose deprivation and normal culturing conditions via different mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B96","first-page":"82","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin on apoptosis of hippocampus following transient global ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"5","author":"Faghani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Galen Med J"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80405-5","article-title":"Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery","volume":"91","author":"Datta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.10.032","article-title":"Atorvastatin attenuates cognitive deficits through Akt1\/caspase-3 signaling pathway in ischemic stroke","volume":"1629","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/364626a0","article-title":"A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds","volume":"364","author":"Lipton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/351714a0","article-title":"Cloned and expressed nitric oxide synthase structurally resembles cytochrome P-450 reductase","volume":"351","author":"Bredt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B101","first-page":"617","article-title":"Brain ischemia induces serine phosphorylation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in rat hippocampus","volume":"25","author":"Yan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7522345","article-title":"Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase","volume":"265","author":"Huang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0412-x","article-title":"Atorvastatin attenuates ischemia\/reperfusion-induced hippocampal neurons injury via Akt-nNOS-JNK signaling pathway","volume":"37","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.06.028","article-title":"ER stress-induced cell death mechanisms","volume":"1833","author":"Sano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.10.1211","article-title":"Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum: coordination of gene transcriptional and translational controls","volume":"13","author":"Kaufman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B106","first-page":"129","article-title":"Apoptosis and MMP-2, TIMP-2 expression in cleft lip and palate","volume":"15","author":"Smane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B107","first-page":"4787","article-title":"Atorvastatin protects mouse brain against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury via down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.07.013","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects and dynamic expressions of MMP9 and TIMP1 associated with atorvastatin pretreatment in ischemia\u2013reperfusion rats","volume":"603","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7675496","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7675496","article-title":"HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors attenuate neuronal damage by suppressing oxygen glucose deprivation-induced activated microglial cells","volume":"2019","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2022.01.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial repair as potential pharmacological target in cerebral ischemia","volume":"63","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22263","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101654RR","article-title":"Atorvastatin inhibits neuronal apoptosis via activating cAMP\/PKA\/p-CREB\/BDNF pathway in hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704569","article-title":"NO as a signalling molecule in the nervous system","volume":"135","author":"Esplugues","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B113","volume-title":"Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects","author":"Siegel","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2011.08.008","article-title":"Overview of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the nervous system","volume":"100","author":"Niciu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00495-0","article-title":"Nitrosylation: the prototypic redox-based signaling mechanism","volume":"106","author":"Stamler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2004.03.016","article-title":"Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complex I by nitric oxide, peroxynitrite and S-nitrosothiols","volume":"1658","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00924-0","article-title":"Building a bridge between NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic and acute diseases","volume":"41","author":"Mira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.005","article-title":"Mitochondria as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke","volume":"146","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9882-6","article-title":"Atorvastatin and fluoxetine prevent oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction evoked by glutamate toxicity in hippocampal slices","volume":"54","author":"Ludka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225674","article-title":"Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs): glutamate transport and beyond","volume":"20","author":"Magi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.03.002","article-title":"Atorvastatin prevents cell damage via modulation of oxidative stress, glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity in hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen\/glucose deprivation","volume":"62","author":"Vandresen-Filho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2010.12.007","article-title":"Long-term high-dose atorvastatin decreases brain oxidative and nitrosative stress in a preclinical model of Alzheimer disease: a novel mechanism of action","volume":"63","author":"Barone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9057-6","article-title":"Atorvastatin prevents hippocampal cell death due to quinolinic acid-induced seizures in mice by increasing Akt phosphorylation and glutamate uptake","volume":"16","author":"Piermartiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.05.001","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in depression","volume":"25","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00028","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress and inflammation to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106331","article-title":"Calcitriol ameliorates brain injury in the rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion through Nrf2\/HO-1 signalling axis: an in silico and in vivo study","volume":"31","author":"Vahidinia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1515\/rrlm-2017-0010","article-title":"Stereological evaluation of the brains in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease compared to controls","volume":"25","author":"Heidari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Romana de Medicina de Laborator"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.128220","article-title":"Atorvastatin protects against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects","volume":"9","author":"Tu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-024-00551-3","article-title":"Nrf2 activation: a key mechanism in stem cell exosomes-mediated therapies","volume":"29","author":"Vahidinia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_29_17","article-title":"Enhanced oxidative stress response and neuroprotection of combined limb remote ischemic conditioning and atorvastatin after transient ischemic stroke in rats","volume":"3","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Circ"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20041835","article-title":"Activation and assembly of the NADPH oxidase: a structural perspective","volume":"386","author":"Groemping","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160510125229","article-title":"Statins in stroke prevention: present and future","volume":"22","author":"Castilla-Guerra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209173","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209173","article-title":"Statin therapy for secondary prevention in ischemic stroke patients with cerebral microbleeds","volume":"102","author":"Prats-Sanchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.580811","article-title":"Atorvastatin reduces macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques: a comparison of a nonstatin-based regimen in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy","volume":"41","author":"Puato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146579","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/146579","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin among dyslipidemic diabetic patients","volume":"2013","author":"Barakat","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70058-4","article-title":"Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention","volume":"8","author":"Amarenco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0669-9","article-title":"Comparison of lipid profiles and inflammation in pre-and post-menopausal women with cerebral infarction and the role of atorvastatin in such populations","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B138","first-page":"2144","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombogenic effects of atorvastatin in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Min","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248407312839","article-title":"Pretreatment with high-dose statin, but not low-dose statin, ezetimibe, or the combination of low-dose statin and ezetimibe, limits infarct size in the rat","volume":"13","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2016.1146882","article-title":"Atorvastatin treatment is associated with increased BDNF level and improved functional recovery after atherothrombotic stroke","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.02.044","article-title":"Effects of atorvastatin on blood\u2013brain barrier permeability during L-NAME hypertension followed by angiotensin-II in rats","volume":"1042","author":"Kalayci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10555","article-title":"Statins induce angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis after stroke","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080358","article-title":"Endothelial nitric oxide synthase regulates white matter changes via the BDNF\/TrkB pathway after stroke in mice","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3186","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003186","article-title":"Early high-dosage atorvastatin treatment improved serum immune-inflammatory markers and functional outcome in acute ischemic strokes classified as large artery atherosclerotic stroke: a randomized trial","volume":"95","author":"Tuttolomondo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.095554","article-title":"Immediate antioxidant and antiplatelet effect of atorvastatin via inhibition of Nox2","volume":"126","author":"Pignatelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4103\/bbrj.bbrj_44_20","article-title":"Brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute ischemic stroke: role of statins","volume":"4","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Biotechnol Res J"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31822f05e7","article-title":"Atorvastatin decreases computed tomography and S100-assessed brain ischemia after subarachnoid aneurysmal hemorrhage: a comparative study","volume":"40","author":"Sanchez-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2004.05.012","article-title":"S100 proteins as cancer biomarkers with focus on S100B in malignant melanoma","volume":"37","author":"Harpio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107647","article-title":"Medium-intensity statin with ezetimibe versus high-intensity statin in acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease (MESIA): a randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.627729","article-title":"Statin use during ischemic stroke hospitalization is strongly associated with improved poststroke survival","volume":"43","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.633339","article-title":"High-dose statins should only be used in atherosclerotic strokes","volume":"43","author":"Furie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.534107","article-title":"Results of the stroke prevention by aggressive reduction in cholesterol levels (SPARCL) trial by stroke subtypes","volume":"40","author":"Amarenco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061894","article-title":"High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack","volume":"355","author":"SPbARiCL","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.01.015","article-title":"Strategies of clopidogrel load and atorvastatin reload to prevent ischemic cerebral events in patients undergoing protected carotid stenting: results of the randomized ARMYDA-9 CAROTID (clopidogrel and atorvastatin treatment during carotid artery stenting) study","volume":"61","author":"Patti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.045","article-title":"Markers of inflammation and coronary artery calcification: a systematic review","volume":"201","author":"Hamirani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.07.113","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and atherosclerotic disease: from improved risk prediction to risk-guided therapy","volume":"168","author":"Koenig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2007.09.001","article-title":"Metalloproteinases and vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"17","author":"Newby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.10.040","article-title":"C-reactive protein induces expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9: a possible link between inflammation and plaque rupture","volume":"168","author":"Cimmino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70186","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70186","article-title":"The efficacy of intensive statin therapy in acute ischemic stroke following intravenous thrombolysis: the CASE II study","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873231193288","article-title":"High-intensity versus moderate-intensity statin treatment for patients with ischemic stroke: nationwide cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Bach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.11.164","article-title":"No evidence to support high-intensity statin in Chinese patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"204","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B162","first-page":"298","article-title":"The effects of different doses of atorvastatin on serum lipid profile, glycemic control, and liver enzymes in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular accident","volume":"10","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.488791","article-title":"Statin treatment and the occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke in patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease","volume":"39","author":"Vergouwen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.1433","article-title":"Immediate-or delayed-intensive statin in acute cerebral ischemia: the INSPIRES randomized clinical trial","volume":"81","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2024-003230","article-title":"Intensity of statin therapy after Ischaemic stroke and long-term outcomes: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Kyt\u00f6","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2025.112","article-title":"High-dose statins for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Shahid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e038080","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.038080","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of Rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in acute ischemic stroke treatment","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B168","first-page":"571","article-title":"Assessment of the MRI and behavioral test results in a focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model in the rat after separate and combined use of mouse-derived neural progenitor cells, human-derived neural progenitor cells and atorvastatin","volume":"28","author":"Tahta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3182643f1a","article-title":"Efficacy of combined atorvastatin and sildenafil in promoting recovery after ischemic stroke in mice","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.10.046","article-title":"Synergistic benefit of combined amlodipine plus atorvastatin on neuronal damage after stroke in Zucker metabolic rat","volume":"1368","author":"Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22633","article-title":"Amlodipine and atorvastatin exert protective and additive effects via antiapoptotic and antiautophagic mechanisms after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in Zucker metabolic syndrome rats","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.150748","article-title":"The PI3K\/Akt pathway mediates the neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin in extending thrombolytic therapy after embolic stroke in the rat","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600070","article-title":"Protective effects of statins after embolic focal cerebral ischemia in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice","volume":"25","author":"Asahi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.12.051","article-title":"HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce ischemic brain injury of Wistar rats through decreasing oxidative stress on neurons","volume":"1037","author":"Hayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.12.054","article-title":"Probucol and atorvastatin in combination protect rat brains in MCAO model: upregulating Peroxiredoxin2, Foxo3a and Nrf2 expression","volume":"509","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585783","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/585783","article-title":"Statins promote long-term recovery after ischemic stroke by reconnecting noradrenergic neuronal circuitry","volume":"2015","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.146951","article-title":"Early atorvastatin reduces hemorrhage after acute cerebral ischemia in diabetic rats","volume":"330","author":"Elewa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.04.042","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor mediates atorvastatin-induced mammalian achaete-scute homologue-1 gene expression and neuronal differentiation after stroke in retired breeder rats","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.10.2442","article-title":"Atorvastatin upregulates type III nitric oxide synthase in thrombocytes, decreases platelet activation, and protects from cerebral ischemia in normocholesterolemic mice","volume":"31","author":"Laufs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00405","article-title":"HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors relieve endoplasmic reticulum stress by autophagy inhibition in rats with permanent brain ischemia","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026080515013384500_nlag009-B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-016-0814-8","article-title":"Association of long-term atorvastatin with escalated stroke-induced neuroinflammation in rats","volume":"61","author":"Simani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuropathology &amp; Experimental Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnen\/article-pdf\/85\/8\/815\/68287611\/nlag009.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnen\/article-pdf\/85\/8\/815\/68287611\/nlag009.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T19:01:59Z","timestamp":1785956519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jnen\/article\/85\/8\/815\/8678354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nlag009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3069","1554-6578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3069","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-6578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]}}}