{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:30:38Z","timestamp":1790400638518,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Research Council","award":["NSETHIO 671055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSETHIO 671055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nodding syndrome (NS) is an epileptic disorder occurring in children in African onchocerciasis endemic regions. Here, we describe the pathological changes in 9 individuals from northern Uganda who died with NS (n\u2009=\u20095) or other forms of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE) (n\u2009=\u20094). Postmortem examinations were performed and clinical information was obtained. Formalin-fixed brain samples were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry was used to stain astrocytes (GFAP), macrophages (CD68), ubiquitin, \u03b1-synuclein, p62, TDP-43, amyloid \u03b2, and tau (AT8). The cerebellum showed atrophy and loss of Purkinje cells with hyperplasia of the Bergmann glia. Gliosis and features of past ventriculitis and\/or meningitis were observed in all but 1 participant. CD68-positive macrophage clusters were observed in all cases in various degrees. Immunohistochemistry for amyloid \u03b2, \u03b1-synuclein, or TDP-43 was negative. Mild to sparse AT8-positive neurofibrillary tangle-like structures and threads were observed in 4\/5 NS and 2\/4 OAE cases, preferentially in the frontal and parietal cortex, thalamic- and hypothalamic regions, mesencephalon and corpus callosum. Persons who died with NS and other forms of OAE presented similar pathological changes but no generalized tauopathy, suggesting that NS and other forms of OAE are different clinical presentations of a same disease with a common etiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlz090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T14:39:20Z","timestamp":1569422360000},"page":"1049-1058","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Neuroinflammation and Not Tauopathy Is a Predominant Pathological Signature of Nodding Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"An","family":"Hotterbeekx","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Lammens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Idro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Born-Bunge Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela R","family":"Akun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Lukande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Makerere University, Medical School, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Akena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kitgum Hospital, Kitgum, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avindra","family":"Nath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological, Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jone\u00e9","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Olwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lira University, Lira, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Kumar-Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Colebunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019111115195965700_nlz090-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1909.130401","article-title":"Nodding syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Dowell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019111115195965700_nlz090-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70321-6","article-title":"Clinical, neurological, and electrophysiological features of nodding syndrome in Kitgum, Uganda: An observational case 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