{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:15:53Z","timestamp":1765995353372,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":127,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bernard Lown Scholar in the Cardiovascular Health Program of the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Police officials\u2019 stressful and physically demanding activities reportedly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study explored the prevalence of CVD risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and overweight among police officials in Kerala, India.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 255 police officials in selected police stations in the Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. The World Health Organization STEPs questionnaire for noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance was used to collect information. We collected STEP 1 (demographics, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet) and STEP 2 (weight, height, and blood pressure) data. Multivariable analysis was done to identify factors associated with hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mean age of participants was 42\u00a0years (range: 30-55\u00a0years) and the majority were men (83.5%). Current use of tobacco or alcohol was reported by 22.7% of the participants. The prevalence of overweight was 64.7% and physical inactivity was 35.1%. Self-reported prevalence of diabetes was 7.5% and of hyperlipidemia was 11.4%. Hypertension prevalence was 40.4%. Among hypertensives, 35.9% were aware, 20.4% were treated, and 5.8% had controlled blood pressure. The control rate was 28.6% among treated hypertensives. When controlling for age, diabetes (odds ratio [OR]: 3.57; 95% CI: 1.16-10.90), and overweight (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.06-3.35) participants were more likely to have hypertension compared with their counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Police officers have a high prevalence of significant CVD risk factors such as hypertension, physical inactivity, and being overweight. These findings reinforce the need for interventions addressing the above risk factors to prevent CVD in this population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/joccuh\/uiae025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T21:30:45Z","timestamp":1715117445000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cardiovascular disease risk factor prevalence among police officials: findings from a cross-sectional study in Kerala, India"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Greeshma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute Global Institute of Public Health, , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G K","family":"Mini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute Global Institute of Public Health, , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"},{"name":"Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Dental Colleges & Hospitals, , Chennai, India"},{"name":"Centre for Environment and Development , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Marthanda Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute Global Institute of Public Health, , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"},{"name":"Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute Department of Neurosurgery, , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vilma","family":"Irazola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy Department of Research in Chronic Diseases, , Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2024071808424273300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30407-8","article-title":"The changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the states of India: the global burden of disease study 1990-2016","volume":"6","author":"India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CVD Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9852","key":"2024071808424273300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60994-5","article-title":"Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"380","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024071808424273300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.45","article-title":"Stress and cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Steptoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024071808424273300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067323","article-title":"Job strain and cardiovascular disease risk factors: meta-analysis of individual-participant data from 47,000 men and women","volume":"8","author":"Nyberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024071808424273300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02806523","article-title":"Police-related stress: a critique for future research","volume":"3","author":"Dantzer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Police Crim Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024071808424273300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000083112010","article-title":"Special problems of police officers: stress-related issues and interventions","volume":"11","author":"Alkus","year":"1983","journal-title":"Couns Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024071808424273300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/1098611114548097","article-title":"Stress, coping, alcohol use, and posttraumatic stress disorder among an international sample of police officers: does gender matter?","volume":"17","author":"M\u00e9nard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Police Q"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024071808424273300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2007.09.005","article-title":"Exploring the utility of general strain theory in explaining problematic alcohol consumption by police officers","volume":"35","author":"Swatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Crim Just"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024071808424273300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-009-0500-z","article-title":"Association of work related chronic stressors and psychiatric symptoms in a Swiss sample of police officers; 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