{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T19:05:23Z","timestamp":1780599923941,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randall's plaque formation is a very common initial step in the process of kidney stone formation. On morphological stereomicroscopic examination of kidney stones, red\/orange deposits at the level of Randall's plaque or at its interface with the kidney stone can be observed in a minority of kidney stones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed our kidney stone database to determine the prevalence of red\/orange deposits observed on morphological examination of kidney stones analysed between 1989 and 2023. When possible, analysis of the deposits was performed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray absorptiometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 44 213 intact kidney stones upon which morpho-constitutional kidney stone analysis was performed between 1989 and 2023, 12 587 stones (28.5%) exhibited a Randall's plaque, of which 142 (1.1%) showed the presence of red\/orange deposits at the Randall's plaque or at its interface with the kidney stone. Scanning electron microscopy of the deposits on two kidney stones displayed the deposits as sharp-edged, polygonal prismatic crystals, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of the deposits on one kidney stone revealed that their composition was calcium bilirubinate. Energy-dispersive X-ray absorptiometry of the deposits on one examined kidney stone demonstrated the absence of iron.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a minority of Randall's plaques, red\/orange deposits consisting of calcium bilirubinate can be detected. Further investigations are required to confirm whether their presence is a feature of an underlying hepatic or biliary disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/joneph\/aajaf020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T17:48:00Z","timestamp":1775756880000},"page":"108-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Calcium bilirubinate at the Randall's plaque\u2013kidney stone interface: first description"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9546-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Els","family":"Van de Perre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Kidney Diseases, Dialysis & Transplantation Research Unit (NIER), Vitality Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) 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