{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:45:04Z","timestamp":1791830704926,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Protein\u2013energy wasting (PEW) is a frequent and prognostically adverse complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite its clinical importance, African populations have been underrepresented in prior systematic reviews. This study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of PEW among patients with CKD in Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, AJOL, and EMBASE were systematically searched for relevant studies published between 1980 and 2025. Meta-analytic techniques were used to estimate the pooled prevalence of PEW among African CKD populations. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251032894).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-five articles comprising 2822 participants across 14 African countries met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the participants was 49.7 \u00b1 5.2 years. Thirteen studies (52.0%) were from North Africa, 19 studies (76.0%) had high methodological quality, and 17 studies (68.0%) used Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) for PEW assessment. The overall pooled prevalence of PEW among patients with CKD was 47.0% (95% confidence interval: 39.0%-56.0%; n = 25 studies; I2 = 95.5%, P &amp;lt; .001). The prevalence of PEW was significantly higher in the haemodialysis patients compared with non-dialysis CKD patients (52.0% vs 34.0%; P &amp;lt; .001). The pooled prevalence of PEW in studies that used the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism criteria was 32.0%; Malnutrition Inflammatory Score was 49.0%, SGA was 42.0%; and SGA adaptation was 76.0%. There was a significant difference in the pooled PEW prevalence across diagnostic criteria (P &amp;lt; .001) and African regions (P &amp;lt; .001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PEW is highly prevalent among African patients with CKD. Region-specific guidelines and multidisciplinary nutritional interventions are urgently needed to address this burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/joneph\/aajaf084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T12:25:50Z","timestamp":1767702350000},"page":"904-915","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of protein\u2013energy wasting among non-dialytic and dialytic chronic kidney disease patients in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Oluseyi Ademola","family":"Adejumo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dapo Suday","family":"Oyedepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital , Ilorin, Kwara State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imuetinyan Rashida","family":"Edeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital , Benin, Edo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kudirat\u00a0Abimbola","family":"Busari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Zenith Medical and Kidney Centre , Abuja, Federal Capital Territory ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titilope Adetoun","family":"Bamikefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Osun State University Teaching Hospital , Osogbo, Osun State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adedayo Oluwadamilola","family":"Adesida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oyinkansola Aderinsola","family":"Omoloja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Osimokhua","family":"Zibiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olumide Samuel","family":"Oladunjoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel\u00a0Oluwadamilare","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olayinka\u00a0Vincent","family":"Olalekan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temitope Oluwabusola","family":"Akinola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunkanmi Henry","family":"Babatunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olawale\u00a0Elijah","family":"Yisau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olanrenwaju Olumide","family":"Ige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace Oghenetega","family":"Akinyosoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godswill\u00a0Thomas","family":"Eromosele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Ayodeji","family":"Ajiboye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayomide Thomas","family":"Oluwagbemiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences , Ondo, Ondo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aqueeb\u00a0Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udeme-Abasi Udoudo","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University College Hospital , Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inyeneabasi Udeme","family":"Ekrikpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University , Bowling Green, KY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imesidayo Omua","family":"Eboreime-Oikeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Igbinedion University , Okada, Edo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3911-5564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udeme\u00a0Ekpenyong","family":"Ekrikpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Uyo , Uyo, Akwa Ibom State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2013.01.001","article-title":"Etiology of the protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM)","volume":"23","author":"Carrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100855","article-title":"Estimates of malnutrition associated with chronic kidney disease patients globally and its contrast with India: an evidence based systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Rashid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.08.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of protein-energy wasting in kidney disease: a meta-analysis of contemporary observational studies from the international society of renal nutrition and metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Carrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/jorc.12378","article-title":"Protein energy wasting and long-term outcomes in nondialysis dependent chronic kidney disease","volume":"48","author":"Franco","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ren Care."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(03)00201-4","article-title":"Association of depression with malnutrition in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"41","author":"Ja-Ryong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s43162-022-00149-1","article-title":"Malnutrition and inflammatory parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3\u20135 from Northern India","volume":"34","author":"Sheikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt J Intern Med."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002585","article-title":"A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein\u2013energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"73","author":"Fouque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00161","article-title":"Malnutrition in chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"Iorember","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.08.002","article-title":"ESPEN practical guideline on clinical nutrition in hospitalized patients with acute or chronic kidney disease","volume":"43","author":"Sabatino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B10"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B11","volume-title":"JBI critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data","author":"Joanna Briggs Institute","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6672185","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6672185","article-title":"Nutritional status of patients on maintenance hemodialysis at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2021","author":"Bramania","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr Metab."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nephro.2017.02.013","article-title":"Assessing the prevalence of protein-energy wasting in haemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional monocentric study","volume":"13","author":"Essadik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol Ther."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B16","first-page":"180","article-title":"The prevalence and pattern of malnutrition in Pre-dialytic chronic kidney disease patients at a Tertiary Care Facility in Nigeria","volume":"35","author":"Erohubie","year":"2018","journal-title":"West Afr J Med."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.01.044","article-title":"Malnutrition score and Body Mass Index as nutritional screening tools for hemodialysis patients","volume":"42","author":"Hassanin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.4103\/1118-8561.149496","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition in chronic kidney disease: a study of patients in a tertiary Hospital in Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Liman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sahel Med J"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nephro.2022.03.001","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition and anaemia with absolute and functional iron deficiency in chronic renal failure in non-dialysis and haemodialysis patient in the city of Algeria","volume":"18","author":"Laras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Therap"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0286075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286075","article-title":"Protein energy wasting in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients in Benin City, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Osunbor","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B22","first-page":"89","article-title":"Parameters to assess nutritional status in a Moroccan hemodialysis cohort","volume":"6","author":"Aatif","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arab J Nephrol Transplant."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2024.08.003","article-title":"Assessment criteria to diagnose malnutrition (undernutrition and overnutrition) in hemodialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Aziz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01458-0","article-title":"Malnutrition, protein energy wasting and sarcopenia in patients attending a haemodialysis centre in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"78","author":"Crystal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.279932","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, malnutrition, and its associations with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients: follow-up for three years","volume":"31","author":"El Ati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B26","first-page":"268","article-title":"Study of the nutritional status of end-stage renal disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis in Benghazi","volume":"3","author":"Elramli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/jesnt.jesnt_23_23","article-title":"Malnutrition among Egyptian hemodialysis patients: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"24","author":"Elsayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Nephrol Transplant"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"03000605241300008","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605241300008","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of malnutrition among patients receiving hemodialysis in a tertiary level hospital in Mauritius","volume":"52","author":"Fagoonee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Int Med Res."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5455\/ijsm.hemodialysis","article-title":"Evaluation of nutritional Status in hemodialysis patients","volume":"2","author":"Harzallah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Surg Med"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B30","first-page":"5","article-title":"Evaluation of the nutritional status of chronic haemodialysis patients at Nouakchott national hospital (Mauritania): prevalence and risk factors for undernutrition","volume":"6","author":"Lemrabott","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-020-0376-7","article-title":"Relation of protein energy wasting to carotid intima media thickness in hemodialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S273874","article-title":"Protein-energy wasting and associated factors among chronic kidney disease patients at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Merga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.335457","article-title":"Assessment of nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease in Nigeria","volume":"32","author":"Oladele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2022.252232","article-title":"Association of plasma and mRNA expression levels of Ghrelin with nutritional Status in Egyptian patients with End-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis","volume":"88","author":"Rashad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt J Hosp Med"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B35","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Malnutrition inflammation Complex syndrome in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital","volume":"39","author":"Ucha","year":"2022","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B36","unstructured":"Wouoliyou NA, Gloria A, Mahamat M, Georges NT, Fran\u00e7ois KF, Elie-Claude NN. Prevalence and predictors of malnutrition in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3\u20135 non-dialyzed: malnutrition in patients with chronic kidney disease. Health Sci Dis. \u00a02022;23. 10.5281\/hsd.v23i6.3674"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5923\/j.cmd.20190901.02","article-title":"Assessment of malnutrition status in hemodialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Zaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Med Diagn."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Nuh","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5735056\/v1"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.9734\/jammr\/2022\/v34i231259","article-title":"Evaluation of nutritional status of haemodialysis patients using malnutrition inflammation score","volume":"34","author":"Elgamasy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adv Med Med Res."},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091508","article-title":"Temporal trends and clinical impact of malnutrition on in-hospital outcomes among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: a nationwide inpatient analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wathanavasin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0002312022","article-title":"Global dialysis perspective: nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Okoye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e408","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30057-8","article-title":"Outcomes in adults and children with end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Ashuntantang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4103\/nmj.NMJ_106_20","article-title":"Demographics, cost, and sustainability of haemodialysis among End-stage kidney disease patients in southern Nigeria: a single-center study","volume":"61","author":"Akpan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B44"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.35.138.2106","article-title":"Challenges and possible solutions to peritoneal dialysis use in Nigeria","volume":"35","author":"Ajayi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000595","article-title":"Global perspective on challenges and potential solutions to increasing peritoneal dialysis in Egypt","volume":"5","author":"Darwish","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-2276(04)00139-6","article-title":"Subjective global assessment in chronic kidney disease: a review","volume":"14","author":"Steiber","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0080.2007.00116.x","article-title":"Critical review of nutrition assessment tools to measure malnutrition in chronic kidney disease","volume":"64","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.7.1732","article-title":"A modified quantitative subjective global assessment of nutrition for dialysis patients","volume":"14","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2004.10.005","article-title":"Assessment of nutritional status in hemodialysis patients using patient-generated subjective global assessment","volume":"15","author":"Desbrow","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.29222","article-title":"A malnutrition-inflammation score is correlated with morbidity and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"38","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0186659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186659","article-title":"Clinical global assessment of nutritional status as predictor of mortality in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"12","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234014","article-title":"Malnutrition-inflammation score of patients with chronic kidney disease from early stage to initiation of dialysis","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-28002010000100011","article-title":"Malnutrition in chronic kidney failure: what is the best diagnostic method to assess?","volume":"32","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bras Nefrol"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.147","article-title":"International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: a consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"84","author":"Ikizler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000355784","article-title":"Nutrition and physical activity in CKD patients","volume":"39","author":"Cupisti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"2026082812315925800_aajaf084-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2015.08.002","article-title":"Medical nutrition therapy for chronic kidney disease improves biomarkers and slows time to dialysis","volume":"26","author":"de Waal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."}],"container-title":["Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article-pdf\/39\/5\/904\/69180469\/aajaf084.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article-pdf\/39\/5\/904\/69180469\/aajaf084.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:32:04Z","timestamp":1787934724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article\/39\/5\/904\/8736770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/joneph\/aajaf084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1121-8428","1724-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1121-8428","type":"print"},{"value":"1724-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}}}