{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:18:25Z","timestamp":1787937505418,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem whose susceptibility may originate during prenatal development. According to the developmental origins theory of health and disease, alterations during gestation can permanently affect kidney structure and function. The kidney is especially vulnerable during this period, as nephrogenesis occurs \u00adexclusively before birth and determines the total nephron endowment. This review summarizes the epidemiological and experimental evidence linking prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants with alterations in kidney development. Heavy metals and metalloids, persistent organic pollutants, inorganic pollutants, air pollution, and mixed exposures are discussed. Most human studies of observational design show consistent associations between prenatal exposure and surrogate outcomes, such as lower kidney volume at birth, while experimental models demonstrate direct effects on nephrogenesis. The mechanisms implicated include oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic modifications, all of which interfere with critical pathways of kidney development during sensitive gestational windows. Although methodological heterogeneity limits causal inference, the consistency between epidemiological and experimental evidence supports the biological relevance of these associations and underscores the need for preventive strategies and longitudinal studies that address prenatal exposure as an early determinant of CKD risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/joneph\/aajag077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:47:16Z","timestamp":1774529236000},"page":"872-883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prenatal exposure to environmental toxicants and their association with alterations in kidney development"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8084-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie Paola","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Mac\u00edas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Center, Department of Environmental Bioengineering and Toxicology, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0952-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alma Lili\u00e1n","family":"Guerrero-Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Center, Department of Environmental Bioengineering and Toxicology, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7376-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Daniel","family":"Estrada-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Mor\u00e1n-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7430-702X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Arreola-Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo , Aguascalientes ,","place":["Mexico"]},{"name":"Instituto de Atenci\u00f3n Integral de Enfermedades Renales del Estado de Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0777-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Avelar-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Center, Department of Environmental Bioengineering and Toxicology, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B1","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Anemia Work Group","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.09.008","article-title":"Epigenetics and the developmental origins of health and disease: parental environment signalling to the epigenome, critical time windows and sculpting the adult phenotype","volume":"97","author":"Safi-Stibler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-023-05899-w","article-title":"Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract: defining risk factors of disease progression and determinants of outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Walawender","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745716","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.745716","article-title":"Adverse impact of environmental chemicals on developmental origins of kidney disease and hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021070998","article-title":"Estimating nephron number from biopsies: impact on clinical studies","volume":"33","author":"Morozov","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B6","first-page":"14400","article-title":"Estimation of nephron number in living humans by combining unenhanced computed tomography with biopsy-based stereology","volume":"9","author":"Sasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Reports"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04534-2","article-title":"Nephron number and its determinants: a 2020 update","volume":"36","author":"Charlton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363097","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1363097","article-title":"Impact of preterm birth on kidney health and development","volume":"11","author":"Akalay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2015.67","article-title":"Factors associated with a vicious cycle involving a low nephron number, hypertension and chronic kidney disease","volume":"38","author":"Kanzaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64897-6","article-title":"Kidney volume-to-birth weight ratio as an estimate of nephron endowment in extremely low birth weight preterm infants","volume":"14","author":"Villani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24302","article-title":"Human nephron number, hypertension, and renal pathology","volume":"303","author":"Kanzaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2020.1832844","article-title":"Advances in understanding vertebrate nephrogenesis","volume":"303","author":"Chambers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab136","article-title":"Aguascalientes: one of the hottest CKD hotspots in Mexico and a CKDu mistery to be solved","volume":"14","author":"Villalvazo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22799036231181224","DOI":"10.1177\/22799036231181226","article-title":"Environmental toxicants and health adversities: a review on interventions of phytochemicals","volume":"12","author":"Sokan-Adeaga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public health Res"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9030042","article-title":"Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: ecological risks and human health implications","volume":"9","author":"Alengebawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10110692","article-title":"Prenatal metal exposures and associations with kidney injury biomarkers in children","volume":"10","author":"Politis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14101205","article-title":"Environmental nephrotoxicity across the life course: oxidative stress mechanisms and opportunities for early intervention","volume":"14","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03903-2","article-title":"Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects","volume":"99","author":"Jomova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-020-0228-0","article-title":"Challenges and recommendations on the conduct of systematic reviews of observational epidemiologic studies in environmental and occupational health","volume":"31","author":"Arroyave","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10851","DOI":"10.3390\/su151410851","article-title":"Effect of persistent organic pollutants on human health in South Korea: a review of the reported diseases","volume":"15","author":"Rokni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0143-y","article-title":"Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in maternal and cord blood from the maternal-infant research on environmental chemicals (MIREC) cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Fisher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Heal"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00894-6","article-title":"Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in maternal plasma and epigenome-wide placental DNA methylation","volume":"12","author":"Ouidir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131125","article-title":"Mixtures of persistent organic pollutants are found in vital organs of late gestation human fetuses","volume":"283","author":"Bj\u00f6rvang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5104","article-title":"Association of maternal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in early pregnancy with fetal growth","volume":"174","author":"Ouidir","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7107","DOI":"10.3390\/su16167107","article-title":"A review of the most concerning chemical contaminants in drinking water for human health","volume":"16","author":"Jurczynski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2024.104545","article-title":"Morphological changes in the fetal kidney induced by exposure to fluoride during pregnancy","volume":"110","author":"Monta\u00f1ez-Rodriguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27345-x","article-title":"Nitrate contamination in drinking water and adverse reproductive and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000149","article-title":"Drinking water contaminants in California and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Padula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.029","article-title":"Environmental exposures and pediatric kidney function and disease: a systematic review","volume":"158","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.04.021","article-title":"Environmental pollution to kidney disease: an updated review of current knowledge and future directions","volume":"106","author":"Lao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gfaf143","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf143","article-title":"Association between exposure to air pollution and kidney function decline","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135522","article-title":"Association between air pollutants and development of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"706","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12070446","article-title":"Prenatal PM2.5 exposure and its association with low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Parasin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-025-01201-7","article-title":"Association of multiple environmental toxicants with markers of early kidney injury in pregnant women: an exposome approach","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Heal"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae238","article-title":"Association of perinatal exposition to xenobiotics with kidney volume at birth","volume":"40","author":"De Santiago-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22372","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-12278-7","article-title":"The relationship between cadmium exposure and renal volume in inhabitants of a cadmium-polluted area of Japan","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01135-6","article-title":"Prenatal metal exposures and kidney function in adolescence in project Viva","volume":"23","author":"Price","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Heal"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112062","article-title":"Critical windows of perinatal particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and preadolescent kidney function","volume":"204","author":"Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174417000939","article-title":"Effects of bisphenol A treatment during pregnancy on kidney development in mice: a stereological and histopathological study","volume":"9","author":"Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22525","article-title":"Effects of low-dose melamine exposure during pregnancy on maternal and fetal kidneys in rats","volume":"33","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2025.117355","article-title":"Mouse nephron formation is impaired by moderate dose arsenical exposure","volume":"500","author":"Alonso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000542135","article-title":"Cross-generational impact of maternal exposure to low level of PM2.5 on kidney health","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153784","article-title":"Environmental toxicants and nephrotoxicity: implications on mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"504","author":"Yadav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Renal pathophysiology and nephrotoxicity: renal biomarkers' importance and function in the early diagnosis of acute renal damage","volume":"5","author":"Yaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Interv Nephrol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8010","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158010","article-title":"Biomarkers and mechanisms of oxidative stress\u2014last 20 years of research with an emphasis on kidney damage and renal transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Tejchman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5478708","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of kidney disease: implications for noninvasive monitoring and identification of biomarkers","volume":"2020","author":"Gyur\u00e1szov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1159\/000531290","article-title":"The interplay of autophagy and oxidative stress in the kidney: what do we know?","volume":"147","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121581","article-title":"The role of inflammation in CKD","volume":"12","author":"Kadatane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14110794","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction: the silent catalyst of kidney disease progression","volume":"14","author":"Pavlovi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121432","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress: role in chronic kidney disease","volume":"319","author":"Srivastava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2020.09.005","article-title":"Epigenetics in kidney diseases","volume":"104","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2931049","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2931049","article-title":"Epigenetic modification mechanisms involved in inflammation and fibrosis in renal pathology","volume":"2018","author":"Morgado-Pascual","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.065","article-title":"A network biology-based approach to evaluating the effect of environmental contaminants on human interactome and diseases","volume":"160","author":"Iida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018070736","article-title":"DNA methyltransferase 1 controls nephron progenitor cell renewal and differentiation","volume":"30","author":"Wanner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1037","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00169.2024","article-title":"Maternal malnutrition in mice impairs nephrogenesis by disrupting DNA methylation of regulatory regions","volume":"327","author":"Makayes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol\u2014Ren Physiol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-36538-6","article-title":"Metal mechanisms of mitochondrial toxicity: recent review of arsenic, cadmium, and lead-induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"32","author":"Turkington","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24196","article-title":"Arsenic exposure induced renal fibro\u00adsis via regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and the NLRP3-TGF-\u03b21\/SMAD signaling pathway","volume":"39","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27244","article-title":"Arsenic induces fibrogenic changes in human kidney epithelial cells potentially through epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation","volume":"234","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111575","article-title":"Cadmium-induced kidney injury: oxidative damage as a unifying mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00385-1","article-title":"Select early-life environmental exposures and DNA methylation in the placenta","volume":"10","author":"Mortillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Environ Heal reports"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02451-x","article-title":"Epigenetics of pregnancy: looking beyond the DNA code","volume":"39","author":"Zuccarello","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107361","article-title":"Prenatal and early childhood critical windows for the association of nephrotoxic metal and metalloid mixtures with kidney function","volume":"166","author":"Sanders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109927","article-title":"Prenatal and childhood exposure to mixtures of environmental chemicals and adolescence attentional problems: a triangulation study","volume":"206","author":"Fabbri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgae025","article-title":"Ecotoxicology dilemmas: issues with dose, causality, response, mixtures, and modifying factors","volume":"44","author":"McCarty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32388\/P2EDQF","article-title":"Mixture toxicity: evidence from experimental studies on concurrent chemical exposures","author":"Domingo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Qeios"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161316","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.161316","article-title":"Low nephron endowment increases susceptibility to renal stress and chronic kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Good","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.12.029","article-title":"Before and beyond the precautionary principle: epistemology of uncertainty in science and law","volume":"207","author":"Tallacchini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3390\/children11101213","article-title":"Preterm birth and kidney health: from the womb to the rest of life","volume":"11","author":"Tain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child"},{"key":"2026082812314127200_aajag077-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00933-0","article-title":"Advancing environmental health sciences through implementation science","volume":"21","author":"Neta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Heal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article-pdf\/39\/5\/872\/68722988\/aajag077.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article-pdf\/39\/5\/872\/68722988\/aajag077.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:31:47Z","timestamp":1787934707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article\/39\/5\/872\/8728499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/joneph\/aajag077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1121-8428","1724-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1121-8428","type":"print"},{"value":"1724-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}}}