{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:34:06Z","timestamp":1787168046790,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Chair in Children and Youth Mental Health, Universit\u00e9 de Moncton"},{"name":"Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) Embedded Clinician Researcher Salary Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n \u2002<\/jats:title>\n Adolescents with persisting post-concussive symptoms often report high levels of emotional distress, which can impact their daily functioning. The associations between modifiable factors, such as perceptions of recovery, and emotional distress have not been investigated in this age group.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate perceptions about recovery duration (e.g., \u201cmy symptoms will last a long time\u201d, \u201cmy symptoms will be permanent rather than temporary\u201d) and its associations with emotional distress and functioning in children and adolescents with a slower post-concussive recovery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Participants (N\u2009=\u200949, 69% girls, 11\u201317\u2009years old, M\u2009=\u200915.8\u2009years old, SD\u2009=\u20091.8) were recruited from a concussion clinic on average 7.7\u2009months after injury (SD\u2009=\u20092.5). Measures included the Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised (perceived duration of symptoms only) to evaluate recovery expectations, the Health and Behavior Inventory (self and parent reports) to evaluate current post-concussive symptoms (cognitive and somatic symptoms), the emotional distress subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ\u2014self-report), and the emotional functioning subscale of the Pediatric Quality of Life Questionnaire (PedsQL\u2014self-report).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Regression analyses (linear models with all covariates entered at once) suggested that greater expectations for symptom persistence were significantly associated with higher emotional distress on both SDQ and PedsQL subscales, after controlling for post-concussive symptom severity and other confounds. Emotional distress\/functioning was not associated with perceptions of symptom duration reported by parents, severity of post-concussive symptoms (self- and parent reports), age, number of concussions, time since injury, or a history of mental health concern or diagnosis (parent-reported).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This study suggests that pessimistic attitudes for recovery duration may be more strongly associated with emotional distress than current post-concussive symptom severity or a history of mental health concern or diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsac020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T17:15:05Z","timestamp":1646068505000},"page":"905-915","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Perceptions of Symptom Duration are Associated With Emotional Distress and Functioning in Adolescents With Protracted Concussion Recovery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0098-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vickie","family":"Plourde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada; Centre de formation m\u00e9dicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, New Brunswick, Canada"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah D","family":"Silverberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Cairncross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane","family":"Virani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian L","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences program, Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708090188","article-title":"Dimensions of postconcussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injuries","volume":"15","author":"Ayr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society:JINS"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814543305","article-title":"Postconcussion syndrome: A review","volume":"31","author":"Barlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24674","article-title":"Illness perceptions in patients with osteoarthritis: Change over time and association with disability","volume":"61","author":"Bijsterbosch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psychological aspects of sport-related concussion: An evidence-based position paper","author":"Bloom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Sport Psychology"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0152202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152202","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): Factor structure and gender equivalence in Norwegian adolescents","volume":"11","author":"B\u00f8e","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000159157.57075.c8","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: U.S. normative data and psychometric properties","volume":"44","author":"Bourdon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5792","article-title":"Predicting psychological distress after pediatric concussion","volume":"36","author":"Brooks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B8","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023877","article-title":"Methodological issues and research recommendations for mild traumatic brain injury: The WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"36","author":"Carroll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.295","article-title":"Population-based, inception cohort study of the incidence, course, and prognosis of mild traumatic brain injury after motor vehicle collisions","volume":"95","author":"Cassidy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13138","article-title":"Loss and recovery after concussion: Adolescent patients give voice to their concussion experience","volume":"23","author":"Choudhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Expectations: An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/spy0000105","article-title":"A review of psychological issues that may be associated with a sport-related concussion in youth and collegiate athletes","volume":"6","author":"Covassin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097415","article-title":"What is the difference in concussion management in children as compared with adults? A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxab024","article-title":"Diagnosing and managing paediatric concussion: Key recommendations for general paediatricians and family doctors","volume":"26","author":"Dawson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatrics & Child Health"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200111000-00015","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire","volume":"40","author":"Goodman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6235","article-title":"Behavioral and emotional difficulties after pediatric concussion","volume":"37","author":"Gornall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103548","article-title":"Mental health after paediatric concussion: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Gornall","year":"2021","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2018.10.019","article-title":"Illness perceptions of stroke survivors: Predictors and changes over time \u2013 A 1 year follow-up study","volume":"116","author":"Groeneveld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.027","article-title":"Psychological factors associated with delayed symptom resolution in children with concussion","volume":"174","author":"Grubenhoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B21","first-page":". Advance online publication","article-title":"The common sense model of illness self-regulation: A conceptual review and proposed extended model","author":"Hagger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychology Review"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000118","article-title":"The common sense model of self-regulation: Meta-analysis and test of a process model","volume":"143","author":"Hagger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2018.1494830","article-title":"Measuring illness perceptions in the family context: Psychometric properties of the IPQ-R adapted for adolescent\u2013caregiver dyads","volume":"34","author":"Heyduck-Weides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology & Health"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300767","article-title":"When a minor head injury results in enduring symptoms: A prospective investigation of risk factors for postconcussional syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"83","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097729","article-title":"Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Iverson","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B26","first-page":"7","article-title":"The common sense representation of illness danger","volume":"2","author":"Leventhal","year":"1980","journal-title":"Contributions to medical psychology"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-016-9782-2","article-title":"The Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM): A dynamic framework for understanding illness self-management","volume":"39","author":"Leventhal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182847","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2847","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury in children: A systematic review","volume":"172","author":"Lumba-Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12310","DOI":"10.1111\/jspn.12310","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and symptom experience in concussed children and youth","volume":"26","author":"Macartney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing: JSPN"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1277402","article-title":"Perceptions of mild traumatic brain injury in adults: A scoping review","volume":"40","author":"Mah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210207","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0207","article-title":"Effect of collaborative care on persistent postconcussive symptoms in adolescents: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"McCarty","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3662-3","article-title":"Collaborative care model for treatment of persistent symptoms after concussion among youth (CARE4PCS-II): Study protocol for a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"McCarty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2017.1280143","article-title":"Brief cognitive behavioral intervention for children and adolescents with persistent post-concussive symptoms: A pilot study","volume":"24","author":"McNally","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology: A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440290001494","article-title":"The revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R)","volume":"17","author":"Moss-Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychology & Health"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000943","article-title":"Normative and psychometric characteristics of the health and behavior inventory among children with mild orthopedic injury presenting to the emergency department: Implications for assessing postconcussive symptoms using the Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition (Child SCAT5)","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21704","article-title":"Association between posttraumatic stress, depression, and functional impairments in adolescents 24 months after traumatic brain","volume":"25","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09430-y","article-title":"How perceptions impact recovery from concussion in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Plourde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.976594","article-title":"The contribution of psychological factors to recovery after mild traumatic brain injury: Is cluster analysis a useful approach?","volume":"29","author":"Snell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2015.1116088","article-title":"Parent and child asthma illness representations: A systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Sonney","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Asthma: Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1283533","article-title":"Depression in youth recovering from concussion: Correlates and predictors","volume":"31","author":"Stazyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018112","article-title":"Post-concussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198128","article-title":"Workplace and non-workplace mild traumatic brain injuries in an outpatient clinic sample: A case-control study","volume":"13","author":"Terry","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2016.1183171","article-title":"Sleep difficulties and their impact on recovery following mild traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"30","author":"Theadom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4842","article-title":"Trajectories and risk-factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms following pediatric concussion","volume":"34","author":"Truss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1367\/1539-4409(2003)003<0329:TPAAPP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The PedsQL 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: Feasibility, reliability, and validity","volume":"3","author":"Varni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ambulatory Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200108000-00006","article-title":"PedsQL 4.0: Reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations","volume":"39","author":"Varni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1538","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of concussion reported by US adolescents, 2016-2020","volume":"325","author":"Veliz","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.101105","article-title":"Illness perceptions and outcome in mild head injury: A longitudinal study","volume":"78","author":"Whittaker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001700","article-title":"Coping strategies as a predictor of post-concussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injury versus mild orthopedic injury","volume":"17","author":"Woodrome","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS"},{"key":"2022081207472173600_jsac020-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1203","article-title":"Clinical risk score for persistent postconcussion symptoms among children with acute concussion in the ED","volume":"315","author":"Zemek","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpepsy\/article-pdf\/47\/8\/905\/45358571\/jsac020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpepsy\/article-pdf\/47\/8\/905\/45358571\/jsac020.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T03:49:27Z","timestamp":1660276167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpepsy\/article\/47\/8\/905\/6554392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsac020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-8693","1465-735X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-8693","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-735X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]}}}