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Guided by a model implicating a bidirectional role of \u201cChronic Family Stress\u201d in the unfolding of EE in family environments, the current study examined demographic, medical, and family-level variables in association with EE in caregivers of children with spina bifida (SB).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were combined from 2 distinct studies of families with a child with SB, resulting in a sample of 174 (ages 8\u201317). Linear regressions examined the family stressors and child variables in association with maternal and paternal warmth and criticism, as coded from EE interviews.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher levels of family stress were associated with paternal criticism (p = .03), while having non-Hispanic White children was associated with both maternal and paternal criticism (ps &amp;lt; .005). Having children younger in age (ps &amp;lt; .01) and without a shunt (ps &amp;lt; .01) was associated with higher warmth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Family stressors, absence of the negative impacts of systemic racism, shunt status, and age appear to be associated with the expression of EE in caregivers of a child with SB. Findings highlight multiple assessment considerations, including assessing EE when children are younger to engage caregivers with children with SB when they are more likely to be expressing more warmth. Pinpointing factors associated with caregiver EE in SB will help to better identify families at risk for high levels of criticism and also aid in the development of targeted prevention and intervention programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsac073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T07:58:39Z","timestamp":1664265519000},"page":"144-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Caregiver Expressed Emotion in Families of Youth With Spina Bifida: Demographic, Medical, and Family Correlates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6759-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen","family":"Stiles-Shields","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tessa K","family":"Kritikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston Clear Lake , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrien M","family":"Winning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Loyola University Chicago , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Starnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Loyola University Chicago , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grayson N","family":"Holmbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Loyola University Chicago , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023022108441586700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00678","article-title":"Expressed emotion, parenting stress, and adjustment in mothers of young children with behavior problems","volume":"41","author":"Baker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"2023022108441586700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2003.00564.x","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 expressed emotion towards children with and without intellectual disabilities","volume":"48","author":"Beck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"2023022108441586700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.9.5.342","article-title":"Expressed emotion across cultures","volume":"9","author":"Bhugra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Advances in Psychiatric Treatment"},{"key":"2023022108441586700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/001872676601900301","article-title":"The measurement of family activities and relationships: A methodological study","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"1966","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"2023022108441586700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.07.006","article-title":"Disentangling child and family influences on maternal expressed emotion toward children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"50","author":"Cartwright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023022108441586700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023022108441586700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15007","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.7","article-title":"Spina bifida","volume":"1","author":"Copp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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