{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T18:41:51Z","timestamp":1745347311635,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-07140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-07140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015668","name":"Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["532653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["532653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation","award":["29908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29908"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GSD-164166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSD-164166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarship"},{"name":"Meighen Wright Graduate Scholarship in Maternal-Child Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The current study discusses the development and preliminary validation of an observational measure of caregivers\u2019 distress-promoting behavior (OUCHIE-RV) in the context of toddler routine vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Measure validation was based on a sample of caregiver\u2013toddler dyads (N\u2009=\u2009223) from a longitudinal cohort-sequential study who were observed during toddlers\u2019 12-, 18-, or 24-month routine vaccinations. Validity was assessed using correlations and cross-lagged path analysis and associations were tested between OUCHIE-RV composite scores and toddlers\u2019 pain-related distress as well as caregivers\u2019 state anxiety, soothing behaviors, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Interrater reliability was examined using intraclass correlations (ICC) and kappa coefficients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Results of a cross-lagged path analysis indicated positive concurrent (\u03b2 = .27 to \u03b2 = .37) and cross-lagged predictive associations (\u03b2 = .01 to \u03b2 = .34) between OUCHIE-RV composite scores (reflecting the frequency and intensity of caregivers\u2019 distress-promoting behavior) and toddlers\u2019 pain-related distress. OUCHIE-RV composite scores were negatively associated with caregivers\u2019 concurrent use of physical comfort (r = \u2212.34 to \u2212.24) and rocking (r = \u2212.36 to \u2212.19) and showed minimal associations with caregivers\u2019 use of verbal reassurance (r = .06 to .12), state anxiety (r = \u2212.02 to r = .09), heart rate (r = \u2212.15 to r = .05), and heart rate variability (r = \u2212.04 to r = .13). Interrater reliability was strong (Cohen\u2019s k = .86 to .97, ICC = .77 to .85).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Findings provide support for the validity and reliability of the OUCHIE-RV as a research tool for measuring caregiver behaviors that promote toddlers\u2019 pain-related distress during routine vaccinations and contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of caregiver\u2013toddler interaction in acute pain contexts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsad050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T03:33:33Z","timestamp":1691811213000},"page":"787-797","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Measure of Caregivers\u2019 Distress-Promoting Behaviors During Toddler Vaccination: Validation of the OUCHIE-RV"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Shaylea D","family":"Badovinac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B","family":"Flora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Edgell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Flanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hartley","family":"Garfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, 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