{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:21:50Z","timestamp":1782991310498,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-07140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-07140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["29908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction\/Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Young children\u2019s limited ability to self-report pain necessitates an understanding of the factors that influence pain ratings. The current paper examines the relative prediction of caregiver psychological factors and toddler pain behaviors on caregiver pain ratings post-vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One hundred fifty-six parent\u2013toddler dyads were video recorded during pediatric vaccinations. Child pain behaviors were coded before, during, and after the needle using the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Scale and the Neonatal Facial Coding System). Caregivers rated their child\u2019s pain after the needle, reported pre- and post-needle worry during the visit, and completed rating scales assessing other areas of psychological functioning within 2\u2009weeks after the appointment. Regression models were estimated to examine the relative contribution of child and caregiver factors to the prediction of caregiver pain ratings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The regression model predicting caregiver pain ratings from the toddlers\u2019 pain-related distress (facial activity immediately after the needle, overall pain-related behavior immediately after, 1-min and 2-min post-needle) and caregiver worry were significant (adjusted R-square\u2009=\u20090.21), with caregiver pre- and post-needle worry being the only significant predictors of caregiver pain ratings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study outlines that although child distress behavior remains a significant influence on pain ratings during toddlerhood, when caregiver worry (pre- and post-needle) was entered into the model, they were the only significant predictors of caregiver pain ratings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsad061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T09:13:17Z","timestamp":1696065197000},"page":"870-878","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Caregiver Ratings of Toddler Pain: The Role of Caregiver Psychological Predictors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Jessica V","family":"Zaffino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilana","family":"Shiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy P","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Flanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eitan","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deena","family":"Savlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartley","family":"Garfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3990-3680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Pillai Riddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B1","volume-title":"The Parenting Stress Index","author":"Abidin","year":"1983"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B2","first-page":"55","article-title":"The relationship of parental pain catastrophizing with parents reports of children's anxiety, depression, and headache severity","volume":"12","author":"Akbarzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30274-8","article-title":"Developmental character and long-term consequences of pain in infants and children","volume":"6","author":"Anand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/02739615.2011.537938","article-title":"Parental perceptions of child vulnerability and parent stress as predictors of pain and adjustment in children with chronic arthritis","volume":"40","author":"Anthony","year":"2011","journal-title":"Children's Health Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jss041","article-title":"The influence of parent preprocedural anxiety on child procedural pain: mediation by child procedural anxiety","volume":"37","author":"Bearden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-006-9027-6","article-title":"Parent anxiety and infant pain during pediatric immunizations","volume":"13","author":"Bernard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings"},{"key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B7","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Acculturation: theory, models, and some new findings","author":"Berry","year":"1980"},{"key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2435.1992.tb00776.x","article-title":"Acculturation and adaptation in a new society","volume":"30","author":"Berry","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Migration"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2016-205825","article-title":"A comparison of pain assessment by physician\u2019s, parent\u2019s, and children in an outpatient setting","volume":"34","author":"Brudvik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine Journal: EMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B10","first-page":"3","article-title":"Reducing neonatal vaccination pain: the effectiveness of behavioral interventions","volume":"8","author":"Chou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing & Healthcare Research"},{"key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B11","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Negotiating adolescence in times of social change","author":"Conger","year":"2000"},{"key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B12","volume-title":"Brief Symptom Inventory","author":"Derogatis","year":"1975"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1701","article-title":"The development of nociceptive circuits","volume":"6","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B14","first-page":"258","article-title":"Parent chronic pain and mental health symptoms impact responses to children's pain","volume":"2","author":"Fussner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Pain = Revue Canadienne de la Douleur"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsy058","article-title":"Parental psychological distress moderates the impact of a video intervention to help parents manage young child vaccination pain","volume":"43","author":"Gennis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90073-X","article-title":"Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry","volume":"28","author":"Grunau","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.02.014","article-title":"Neonatal pain, parenting stress and interaction, in relation to cognitive and motor development at 8 and 18 months in preterm infants","volume":"143","author":"Grunau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00258-4","article-title":"Differences in pain expression between male and female newborn infants","volume":"85","author":"Guinsburg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.9.5.559","article-title":"Analysis of child and parent behavior during painful medical procedures","volume":"9","author":"Jacobsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association"},{"key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-016-0104-0","article-title":"Whose pain is it anyway? Comparability of pain reports from children and their parents","volume":"24","author":"Kamper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chiropractic & Manual Therapies"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200206000-00002","article-title":"Parent visual analogue scale ratings of children's pain do not reliably reflect pain reported by child","volume":"18","author":"Kelly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016863921662","article-title":"Putting parenting in perspective: a discussion of the contextual factors that shape parenting practices","volume":"11","author":"Kotchick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00034-1","article-title":"The expression of pain in infants and toddlers: developmental changes in facial action","volume":"72","author":"Lilley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000731","article-title":"Parental report of self and child worry during acute pain: a critical factor in determining parental pain judgment","volume":"35","author":"Mamedova","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-200210000-00024","article-title":"Pain assessment in infants and young children: the FLACC scale","volume":"102","author":"Merkel","year":"2002","journal-title":"The American Journal of Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12448","article-title":"Applying the family stress model to parental acculturative stress and Latinx youth adjustment: a review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Family Theory & Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/457861","article-title":"Sex differences in parent and child pain ratings during an experimental child pain task","volume":"13","author":"Moon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Research & Management"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.08.008","article-title":"Does caregiver behavior mediate the relationship between cultural individualism and infant pain at 12 months of age?","volume":"17","author":"O'Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-018-0724-7","article-title":"Stress and resilience: key correlates of mental health and substance use in the Hispanic community health study of Latino youth","volume":"21","author":"Perreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200311000-00003","article-title":"Neonatal Facial Coding System for assessing postoperative pain in infants: item reduction is valid and feasible","volume":"19","author":"Peters","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B31","first-page":"CD006275","article-title":"Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain","volume":"6","author":"Pillai Riddell","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B32","first-page":"e124-32","article-title":"The role of infant pain behaviour in predicting parent pain ratings","volume":"19","author":"Pillai Riddell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Research & Management"},{"key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002761","article-title":"Out of the mouth of babes: a lot about pain has nothing to do with pain","volume":"163(Suppl 1)","author":"Pillai Riddell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsx122","article-title":"Featured article: the ABCDs of pain management: a double-blind randomized controlled trial examining the impact of a brief educational video on infants' and toddlers' pain scores and parent soothing behavior","volume":"43","author":"Pillai Riddell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/410725","article-title":"Assessing pain in infancy: the caregiver context","volume":"14","author":"Pillai Riddell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Research & Management"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.03.020","article-title":"Predicting maternal and behavioral measures of infant pain: the relative contribution of maternal factors","volume":"133","author":"Pillai Riddell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.1.49","article-title":"Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment","volume":"79","author":"Ryder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B38","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01134.x","article-title":"Pain evaluation in preschool children and by their parents","volume":"88","author":"St-Laurent-Gagnon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxz026","article-title":"Managing pain and distress in children undergoing brief diagnostic and therapeutic procedures","volume":"24","author":"Trottier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatrics & Child Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023102019110917800_jsad061-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.16","article-title":"Impact of repeated procedural pain-related stress in infants born very preterm","volume":"75","author":"Vinall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpepsy\/article-pdf\/48\/10\/870\/52312666\/jsad061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpepsy\/article-pdf\/48\/10\/870\/52312666\/jsad061.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T19:12:04Z","timestamp":1697829124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpepsy\/article\/48\/10\/870\/7286985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsad061","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-8693","1465-735X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-8693","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-735X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]}}}