{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:04:36Z","timestamp":1791137076942,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00HD093814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00HD093814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Depression poses a significant threat to the health and well-being of adolescents with traumatic brain injury. Existing research has limitations in longitudinal follow-up period, consideration of sample heterogeneity, and outcome measurement modeling. This study aimed to address these gaps by applying the second-order growth mixture model (SO-GMM) to examine the 10-year post-injury depression trajectories in adolescents with TBI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 1,989 adolescents with TBI 16\u201321\u2009years old from the Traumatic Brain Injury Model System National Data Bank were analyzed up to 10\u2009years post-injury. Depressive symptoms were measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Covariates included age, sex, race\/ethnicity, employment, Functional Independence Measure Cognition, TBI severity, pre-injury disability, and substance use. Longitudinal measurement invariance was tested at the configural, metric, and scalar levels before SO-GMM was fit. Logistic regression was conducted for disparities in depression trajectories by covariates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A 2-class SO-GMM was identified with a low-stable group (85% of the sample) and a high-increasing group (15% of the sample) on depression levels. Older age, being a Native American, and having Hispanic origin was associated with a higher likelihood of being in the high-increasing class (odds ratios [ORs]\u2009=\u20091.165\u20134.989 and 1.609, respectively), while patients with higher education and being male were less likely to be in the high-increasing class (ORs = 0.735 and 0.557, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study examined the disparities in depression among two distinct longitudinal groups of adolescents with TBI 10\u2009years post-injury. Findings of the study are informative for intervention development to improve long-term mental health in adolescents with TBI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsad073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T11:35:05Z","timestamp":1697542505000},"page":"1021-1029","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Correlates of Longitudinal Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6625-5215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiabin","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.07.006","article-title":"Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12098","article-title":"Empathy development in adolescence predicts social competencies in adulthood","volume":"83","author":"Allemand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181","article-title":"Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using M plus","volume":"21","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S128584","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in depression: Current perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000571","article-title":"Epidemiology and impact of health care provider\u2013diagnosed anxiety and depression among US children","volume":"39","author":"Bitsko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000097","article-title":"Type I error rates and power of several versions of scaled chi-square difference tests in investigations of measurement invariance","volume":"22","author":"Brace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B7","author":"CDC","year":"2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsy013","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions for hot and cold executive functions in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury","volume":"43","author":"Chavez-Arana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3182238cdd","article-title":"Representativeness of the traumatic brain injury model systems national database","volume":"27","author":"Corrigan","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2S","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-20-00081","article-title":"Heterogeneity is a hallmark of traumatic brain injury, not a limitation: A new perspective on study design in rehabilitation research","volume":"30","author":"Covington","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034733","article-title":"Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after","volume":"140","author":"Cummings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.11.004","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in mental health service use among adolescents with major depression","volume":"50","author":"Cummings","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.10.008","article-title":"Margaret Kennard (1899\u20131975): Not a \u2018principle\u2019of brain plasticity but a founding mother of developmental neuropsychology","volume":"46","author":"Dennis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000343","article-title":"Depression and depressive symptoms in pediatric traumatic brain injury: A scoping review","volume":"33","author":"Durish","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1753111","article-title":"Perceived health after adult traumatic brain injury: A Group-Based Trajectory Modeling (GBTM) analysis","volume":"34","author":"Feldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"143","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B17","first-page":"491","article-title":"Adolescent depression and risk factors","volume":"36","author":"Field","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2151","article-title":"Age limit of pediatrics","volume":"140","author":"Hardin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.10.025","article-title":"Functional connectivity of negative emotional processing in adolescent depression","volume":"155","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2023.2172612","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories of post-concussive symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"37","author":"Keatley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"04","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B21","first-page":"067","article-title":"Epidemiology of depression in low income and low education adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Kempfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Grant Med J"},{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63327-9.00005-9","article-title":"Brain plasticity in the developing brain","volume":"207","author":"Kolb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511551963.017","article-title":"Peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Implications for the development and maintenance of depression in adolescents","volume":"5","author":"La Greca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adolescent Emotional Development and the Emergence of Depressive Disorders"},{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641605","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.641605","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators for mental health service use among racial\/ethnic minority adolescents: A systematic review of literature","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-019-00602-y","article-title":"The impact of patient-provider race\/ethnicity concordance on provider visits: Updated evidence from the medical expenditure panel survey","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/0894845320943951","article-title":"Career preparedness among adolescents: A review of key components and directions for future research","volume":"49","author":"Marciniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Career Development"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.017","article-title":"Position statement: Definition of traumatic brain injury","volume":"91","author":"Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294825","article-title":"Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance","volume":"58","author":"Meredith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B30","author":"NCIPC","year":"2023"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0503-5","article-title":"Discrepancies between perceptions of the parent\u2013adolescent relationship and early adolescent depressive symptoms: An illustration of polynomial regression analysis","volume":"45","author":"Nelemans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2014.11.3.251","article-title":"Sex and age differences in psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents: High-risk students study","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investigation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.4.676","article-title":"Adolescent girls' interpersonal vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A longitudinal examination of reassurance-seeking and peer relationships","volume":"114","author":"Prinstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0160-x","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in adolescents with self-reported ADHD and depression: Results from a population-based study","volume":"45","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12587","article-title":"Prevalence of depression after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Ryttersgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22077","article-title":"Risk factors for post-injury mental health problems","volume":"30","author":"Sareen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"00","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B37","first-page":"10870547231196328","article-title":"The economic burden of injuries in children with ADHD in the US from 2011 to 2020","volume":"0","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.12.018","article-title":"Application of second-order growth mixture modeling to longitudinal traumatic brain injury outcome research: 15-year trajectories of life satisfaction in adolescents and young adults as an example","volume":"103","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12333","article-title":"Global prevalence of depression and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Shorey","year":"2022","journal-title":"The British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2022","article-title":"Depression outcomes associated with an intervention implemented in employment training programs for low-income adolescents and young adults","volume":"72","author":"Tandon","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2013.824781","article-title":"Statistical power to detect the correct number of classes in latent profile analysis","volume":"20","author":"Tein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030873","article-title":"Factorial structure and validity of depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) scales after traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Teymoori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0192-2","article-title":"Cultural differences in the reciprocal relations between emotion suppression coping, depressive symptoms and interpersonal functioning among adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032547","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between depressive problems, academic performance, and social functioning in adolescent boys and girls","volume":"50","author":"Verboom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.05.005","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of depression in children and adolescents after exposure to trauma","volume":"255","author":"Vibhakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200303000-00007","article-title":"Parent-adolescent interactions after traumatic brain injury: Their relationship to family adaptation and adolescent adjustment","volume":"18","author":"Wade","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0559-2","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cognitive functions in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder","volume":"24","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.10.010","article-title":"The association between childhood physical disability or long-term health problems and depression among adolescents in China: Mediating effect of childhood maltreatment","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.025","article-title":"Applying network analysis to understand depression and substance use in Indian adolescents","volume":"265","author":"Wasil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941300062X","article-title":"A translational neuroscience framework for the development of socioemotional functioning in health and psychopathology","volume":"25","author":"Wiggins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.12.003","article-title":"Rising rates of adolescent depression in the United States: challenges and opportunities in the 2020s","volume":"70","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023122107225874500_jsad073-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9040076","article-title":"Positive and negative emotion regulation in adolescence: Links to anxiety and depression","volume":"9","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpepsy\/article-pdf\/48\/12\/1021\/54716203\/jsad073.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpepsy\/article-pdf\/48\/12\/1021\/54716203\/jsad073.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T07:43:31Z","timestamp":1703144611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpepsy\/article\/48\/12\/1021\/7319335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsad073","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-8693","1465-735X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-8693","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-735X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]}}}