{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T13:59:27Z","timestamp":1776520767200,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# RGPIN-2020-07140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# RGPIN-2020-07140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015668","name":"Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#532653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#532653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation","award":["#29908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#29908"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#GSD-164166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#GSD-164166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarship"},{"name":"Meighen Wright Graduate Scholarship in Maternal-Child Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigated biological, psychological, and behavioral aspects of caregivers\u2019 responses to toddlers\u2019 pain-related distress by measuring caregivers\u2019 high-frequency heart rate variability (HRV) responses during toddler vaccination pain and examining associations with caregivers\u2019 behavioral responses and psychological stress.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants included caregiver\u2013toddler dyads (N\u2009=\u2009194) from a longitudinal cohort-sequential study who were observed during toddlers\u2019 12-, 18-, or 24-month routine vaccinations. Changes in caregiver HRV were analyzed using growth curve modeling. Conditional growth curve models examined associations between caregiver HRV and caregivers\u2019 concurrent behavior and psychological stress.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The unconditional growth curve model indicated a slight linear decrease in caregiver HRV (i.e., vagal withdrawal) across the 3 min post-needle (unstandardized B = \u20130.06, p = .049). In conditional growth curve models, higher levels of parenting stress were associated with less vagal withdrawal during the post-needle period (standardized B = 0.47, unstandardized B\u2009=\u20090.02, p = .003). Caregivers\u2019 behavioral responses (i.e., use of soothing and distress-promoting behaviors), state anxiety, and general anxiety symptomology were not significantly associated with HRV responses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Caregiver parasympathetic nervous system activity levels changed minimally from baseline to post-needle and decreased slightly across the post-needle period. Caregivers\u2019 self-reported parenting stress was associated with their parasympathetic responses to the procedure. Findings support an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying caregivers\u2019 responses to children\u2019s pain-related distress in a naturalistic setting.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsae095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T18:00:12Z","timestamp":1732384812000},"page":"307-316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Caregivers\u2019 physiological responses during toddler vaccinations: associations with psychological and behavioral responses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Shaylea D","family":"Badovinac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto, ON,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B","family":"Flora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, York University , Toronto, 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