{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:42:52Z","timestamp":1760647372298,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA039930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA039930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine the effectiveness of changes in opioid prescription policies on opioid prescribing and health services utilization rates in Georgia Medicaid.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study used data from the Georgia Medicaid patient enrollment, medical and pharmacy claims database from 2009 to 2014.We performed an interrupted time series analysis to examine the effect of the policy changes. Outcome measures assessed the trends in the indicators of potential inappropriate prescribing practices, including overlapping prescriptions of opioid + opioid, opioid + benzodiazepine and opioids + buprenorphine\/naloxone, as well as health services utilization, including hospitalization, mean length of stay, outpatient office and emergency room visits.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 712 342 opioid users aged 18\u201364 were included in the study. The policies were associated with significant decreasing trend of opioid + opioid (\u22120.0011; 95% CI = \u22120.0020, \u22120.0002) and opioid + benzodiazepines (\u22120.001; 95% CI = \u22120.0022, \u22120.0006) overlapping while associated with a significant immediate decrease in and opioids + buprenorphine\/naloxone after the implementations (\u22120.0014; 95% CI = \u22120.0025, \u22120.0003). Significant immediate decrease in level of office visits and ER visits were seen with the policy implementation (office visit: \u22120.2939; 95% CI = \u22120.5528, \u22120.0350, ER visit: \u22120.0740, 95% CI = \u22120.1294, \u22120.0185). The policies were not shown to be significantly associated with hospitalization and the mean length of inpatient stay.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our analysis suggests that Georgia Medicaid opioid policies were useful to contain inappropriate opioid use.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jphsr\/rmaa026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T04:14:39Z","timestamp":1609474479000},"page":"188-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of drug utilization management policy on prescription opioid use in Georgia Medicaid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4740-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Matthew","family":"Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Administration and Policy, School of Public & International Affairs, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5572-831X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayani","family":"Jayawardhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-018-0402-x","article-title":"The economic burden of abuse of prescription opioids: a systematic literature review from 2012 to 2017","volume":"16","author":"Reinhart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000625","article-title":"The economic burden of prescription opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence in the United States, 2013","volume":"54","author":"Florence","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metimed Care"},{"year":"2018","key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0003"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0004","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States, 1999--2008","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0865","article-title":"Prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders in US adults: 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health","volume":"167","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm675152e1","article-title":"Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths \u2013 United States, 2013\u20132017","volume":"67","author":"Scholl","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"volume-title":"The Potential Societal Benefit of Eliminating Op","year":", 2017","author":"Rhyan","key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0007"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1714529","article-title":"The public and the opioid-abuse epidemic","volume":"378","author":"Blendon","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.1999","article-title":"Association of pharmaceutical industry marketing of opioid products to physicians with subsequent opioid prescribing","volume":"178","author":"Hadland","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.131714","article-title":"The promotion and marketing of oxycontin: commercial triumph, public health tragedy","volume":"99","author":"Van Zee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"volume-title":"State and substate estimates of nonmedical use of prescription pain relievers","year":"2017","author":"Lipari","key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0011"},{"volume-title":"Opioid Overdose Surveillance-Preliminary Report, Georgia, 2017","year":"2018","author":"Georgia Department of Public Health","key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0012"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6450a3","article-title":"Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths--United States, 2000\u20132014","volume":"64","author":"Rudd","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0014","first-page":"886","article-title":"Opioid analgesics in Georgia Medicaid: trends in potential inappropriate prescribing practices by demographic characteristics, 2009\u20132014","volume":"24","author":"Jayawardhana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6612a2","article-title":"Methadone prescribing and overdose and the association with medicaid preferred drug list policies - United States, 2007\u20132014","volume":"66","author":"Faul","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.12.018","article-title":"Trends in opioid dosing among Washington State Medicaid patients before and after opioid dosing guideline implementation","volume":"17","author":"Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31816493fb","article-title":"Medicaid prior authorization and controlled-release oxycodone","volume":"46","author":"Morden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"volume-title":"CDC Compilation of Benzodiazepines, Muscle Relaxants, Stimulants, Zolpidem, and Opioid Analgesics With Oral Morphine Milligram Equivalent Conversion Factors, 2016 Version","year":"2016","author":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0018"},{"volume-title":"Using RxNav for Drug Analytics \u2013 How to Interpret Obsolete Drug Identifiers?","year":"2018","author":"Bodenreider","key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0019"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0020","first-page":"648","article-title":"Potential misuse and inappropriate prescription practices involving opioid analgesics","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.2307\/1911419","article-title":"The Durbin-Watson test for serial correlation: bounds for regressions with trend and\/or seasonal dummy variables","volume":"49","author":"King Maxwell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Economet Soc J Econometrica"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180235","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0235","article-title":"Prescription drug coverage for treatment of low back pain among US Medicaid, Medicare Advantage, and commercial insurers","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2002.00430.x","article-title":"Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research","volume":"27","author":"Wagner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0024","first-page":"346","article-title":"Opioid use for pain management after implementation of a Medicaid short-acting opioid quantity limit","volume":"23","author":"Riggs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0010","article-title":"Opioid prescribing limits for acute pain: potential problems with design and implementation","volume":"321","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0026","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of a state opioid prescribing limit and electronic medical record alert on opioid prescriptions: A difference-in-differences analysis:","author":"Lowenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2017.1389798","article-title":"Effect of a high dosage opioid prior authorization policy on prescription opioid use, misuse, and overdose outcomes","volume":"39","author":"Hartung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"2021051014154373300_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14248","article-title":"Effects of a prior authorization policy for extended-release\/long-acting opioids on utilization and outcomes in a state Medicaid program","volume":"113","author":"Keast","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jphsr\/article-pdf\/12\/2\/188\/37902559\/rmaa026.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jphsr\/article-pdf\/12\/2\/188\/37902559\/rmaa026.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T15:02:35Z","timestamp":1620658955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jphsr\/article\/12\/2\/188\/6113298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jphsr\/rmaa026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-8893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1759-8893"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]}}}