{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:43:51Z","timestamp":1761864231350},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) have a milder clinical course than adults. We describe the spectrum of cardiovascular manifestations during a COVID-19 outbreak in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional multicenter study was performed, including all patients diagnosed with Kawasaki disease (KD), myocarditis, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) from February to April 2020. KD patients were compared with those diagnosed before the epidemic.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>KD: 8 patients (6\/8 boys, all negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2]): complete presentation in 5\/8, 7\/8 immunoglobulin (IVIG) responders, and 3\/8 showed transient coronary lesions (CALs). Myocarditis: one 5-year-old girl negative for SARS-CoV-2 and positive for parvovirus B19. She responded to IVIG. MIS-C: 4 SARS-CoV-2-positive boys (3 patients with positive swab and serology and 1 patient with negative swab and positive serology): 3 presented myocardial dysfunction and pericardial effusion, and 1 developed multicoronary aneurysms and hyperinflammation; all responded to treatment. The fourth boy had mitral and aortic regurgitation that rapidly regressed after steroids.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>KD, myocarditis, and MIS-C were distinguishable cardiovascular manifestations. KD did not show a more aggressive form compared with previous years: coronary involvement was frequent but always transient. MIS-C and myocarditis rapidly responded to treatment without cardiac sequelae despite high markers of myocardial injury at the onset, suggesting a myocardial depression due to systemic inflammation rather than focal necrosis. Evidence of actual or previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was documented only in patients with MIS-C.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T04:36:19Z","timestamp":1607315779000},"page":"714-721","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spectrum of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children During High Peak Coronavirus Disease 2019 Period Infection in Northern Italy: Is There a Link?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marianna","family":"Fabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Filice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Andreozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Gabrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory of Virology, St. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Balducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Vergine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Infermi Hospital, Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cicero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, AUSL, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Iughetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Guerzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Corinaldesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ramazzini Hospital, Carpi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Lazzarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory of Virology, St. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pession","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna, S. 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