{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:28:20Z","timestamp":1790674100676,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Performance characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests among children are limited despite the need for point-of-care testing in school and childcare settings. We describe children seeking SARS-CoV-2 testing at a community site and compare antigen test performance to real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and viral culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two anterior nasal specimens were self-collected for BinaxNOW antigen and RT-PCR testing, along with demographics, symptoms, and exposure information from individuals \u22655 years at a community testing site. Viral culture was attempted on residual antigen or RT-PCR-positive specimens. Demographic and clinical characteristics, and the performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests, were compared among children (&amp;lt;18 years) and adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About 1 in 10 included specimens were from children (225\/2110); 16.4% (37\/225) were RT-PCR-positive. Cycle threshold values were similar among RT-PCR-positive specimens from children and adults (22.5 vs 21.3, P = .46) and among specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic children (22.5 vs 23.2, P = .39). Sensitivity of antigen test compared to RT-PCR was 73.0% (27\/37) among specimens from children and 80.8% (240\/297) among specimens from adults; among specimens from children, specificity was 100% (188\/188), positive and negative predictive values were 100% (27\/27) and 94.9% (188\/198), respectively. Virus was isolated from 51.4% (19\/37) of RT-PCR-positive pediatric specimens; all 19 had positive antigen test results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With lower sensitivity relative to RT-PCR, antigen tests may not diagnose all positive COVID-19 cases; however, antigen testing identified children with live SARS-CoV-2 virus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piab081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T15:13:15Z","timestamp":1629299595000},"page":"1052-1061","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antigen Test Performance Among Children and Adults at a SARS-CoV-2 Community Testing Site"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Ford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J","family":"Whaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melisa M","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip P","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah E","family":"Segaloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustina","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin W","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Boyle-Estheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"O\u2019Hegarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clint N","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Meece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research and Development Laboratory, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Ivacic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research and Development Laboratory, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3523-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie J","family":"Thornburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9726-8940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azaibi","family":"Tamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L","family":"Harcourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M","family":"Folster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Medrzycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpi","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phili","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Goffard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Winnebago County Health Department, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Gieryn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Winnebago County Health Department, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Kahrs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Recreation and Wellness, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Langolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sponsored Programs and Risk and Safety, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Zochert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sponsored Programs and Risk and Safety, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline E","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher H","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah L","family":"Kirking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0001","volume-title":"COVID-19 Cases in Children Surpass 2 Million","author":"Jenco","year":"2020"},{"issue":"14","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6914e4","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in children \u2013 United States, February 12-April 2, 2020","volume":"69","author":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team.","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6932e3","article-title":"Hospitalization rates and characteristics of children aged &lt;18 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 \u2013 COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-July 25, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.3988","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and viral RNA detection in children with Coronavirus disease 2019 in the Republic of Korea","volume":"175","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020027268","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-027268","article-title":"Symptoms and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children \u2014 Utah and Wisconsin, March\u2013May 2020","volume":"147","author":"Laws","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pedriatrics"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6937e3","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of COVID-19 outbreaks associated with child care facilities \u2013 Salt Lake City, Utah, April-July 2020","volume":"69","author":"Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6940e2","article-title":"Adolescent with COVID-19 as the source of an outbreak at a 3-week family gathering \u2013 four states, June-July 2020","volume":"69","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6931e1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection among attendees of an overnight camp \u2013 Georgia, June 2020","volume":"69","author":"Szablewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0009","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6939e2","article-title":"COVID-19 trends among school-aged children \u2013 United States, March 1-September 19, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Leeb","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7003e1","article-title":"COVID-19 trends among persons aged 0-24 years \u2013 United States, March 1-December 12, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Leidman","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1044","article-title":"Systematic SARS-CoV-2 screening at hospital admission in children: a French prospective multicenter study","volume":"72","author":"Poline","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0013","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"issue":"5152","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm695152a3","article-title":"Performance of an antigen-based test for asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing at two university campuses \u2013 Wisconsin, September-October 2020","volume":"69","author":"Pray","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.11.004","article-title":"Field evaluation of a rapid antigen test (Panbio\u2122 COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device) for COVID-19 diagnosis in primary healthcare centres","volume":"27","author":"Albert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infec"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa802","article-title":"Performance characteristics of a rapid severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 antigen detection assay at a public plaza testing site in San Francisco","volume":"223","author":"Pilarowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21106","article-title":"The challenges of expanding rapid tests to curb COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7003e3","article-title":"Evaluation of Abbott BinaxNOW rapid antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 infection at two community-based testing sites \u2013 Pima County, Arizona, November 3-17, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Prince-Guerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0019","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0020","first-page":"ciaa1706","article-title":"Antigen-based testing but not real-time polymerase chain reaction correlates with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 viral culture","author":"Pekosz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0021","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab309","article-title":"Performance of repeat BinaxNOW\u2122 SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing in a community setting, Wisconsin, November-December 2020","volume":"73","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0023","author":"ThermoFisher Scientific."},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0024","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from the first US COVID-19 patient","author":"Harcourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0025","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0026","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03077-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03077-20","article-title":"Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen and RNA concentrations in nasopharyngeal samples from children and adults using an ultrasensitive and quantitative antigen assay","volume":"59","author":"Pollock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02727-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02727-20","article-title":"Comparison of the Quidel Sofia SARS FIA test to the Hologic Aptima SARS-CoV-2 TMA test for diagnosis of COVID-19 in symptomatic outpatients","volume":"59","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2016818","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16818","article-title":"Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 screening strategies to permit the safe reopening of college campuses in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Paltiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.3651","article-title":"Age-related differences in nasopharyngeal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) levels in patients with mild to moderate Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"174","author":"Heald-Sargent","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa133","article-title":"Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 PCR cycle threshold values provide practical insight into overall and target-specific sensitivity among symptomatic patients","volume":"154","author":"Buchan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01068-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01068-20","article-title":"Culture-based virus isolation to evaluate potential infectivity of clinical specimens tested for COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e761","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1469","article-title":"Epidemiological correlates of PCR cycle threshold values in the detection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"72","author":"Salvatore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e921","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1491","article-title":"Correlation between 3790 quantitative polymerase chain reaction\u2013positives samples and positive cell cultures, including 1941 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 isolates","volume":"72","author":"Jaafar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30172-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding, and infectiousness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Cevik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2021123116214257500_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa638","article-title":"Predicting infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 from diagnostic samples","volume":"71","author":"Bullard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpids\/article-pdf\/10\/12\/1052\/41999144\/piab081.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpids\/article-pdf\/10\/12\/1052\/41999144\/piab081.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T11:24:12Z","timestamp":1640949852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpids\/article\/10\/12\/1052\/6361004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpids\/piab081","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.07.06.21259792","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2048-7207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7207","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}}}