{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,15]],"date-time":"2025-06-15T00:26:32Z","timestamp":1749947192089,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT615700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT615700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Health Foundation Queensland","award":["5006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute diarrheal illness (ADI) causes a substantial disease burden in high-income countries. We investigated associations between potentially pathogenic organisms in stools and ADI by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Australian children aged &amp;lt;2 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children in a community-based birth cohort had gastrointestinal symptoms recorded daily and stool samples collected weekly until their second birthday. Diarrhea was defined as \u22653 liquid or looser than normal stools within a 24-hour period. PCR assays tested for 11 viruses, 5 bacteria, and 4 protozoa. Detections of a new organism or of the same following at least 2 negative tests were linked to ADIs, and incidence rates and estimates of association with ADI were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One hundred fifty-four children provided 11\u00a0111 stool samples during 240 child-years of observation, and 228 ADIs were linked to samples. Overall, 6105 (55%) samples tested positive for a target organism. The incidence rate of 2967 new detections was 11.9 (95% confidence interval 11.4-12.3) per child-year, with 2561 (92%) new detections unrelated to an ADI. The relative risk of an ADI was 1.5-6.4 times greater for new detections of adenovirus, enterovirus, norovirus GII, parechovirus A, wild-type rotavirus, sapovirus GI\/II\/IV\/V, Salmonella, Blastocystis, and Cryptosporidium, compared to when these were absent.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wild-type rotavirus, norovirus GII, sapovirus GI\/II\/IV\/V, adenovirus 40\/41, and Salmonella were associated with ADI in this age group and setting. However, high levels of asymptomatic shedding of potential pathogens in stools from children may contribute to diagnostic confusion when children present with an episode of ADI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piab130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T12:09:36Z","timestamp":1639483776000},"page":"199-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Potentially Pathogenic Organisms in Stools and Their Association With Acute Diarrheal Illness in Children Aged &amp;lt;2 Years"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6654-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabor","family":"Mihala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert S","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen B","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seweryn","family":"Bialasiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Children\u2019s Health Queensland , South Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Whiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Children\u2019s Health Queensland , South Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"},{"name":"The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohinder","family":"Sarna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Curtin University , Bentley, Western Australia , Australia"},{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theo P","family":"Sloots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Nissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Children\u2019s 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