{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:42:54Z","timestamp":1787164974943,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AI143479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI143479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR002378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR002378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of global child mortality. Until the turn of the 21st century, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was the only vaccine to prevent TB. The pediatric TB vaccine pipeline has advanced in the past decade to include the evaluation of novel whole cell vaccines to replace infant BCG and investigation of subunit and whole cell vaccines to boost TB immunity during adolescence. We describe the history of BCG, current TB vaccine candidates in clinical trials, and the challenges and opportunities for future TB vaccine research in children. Children are a critical target population for TB vaccines, and expansion of the pediatric TB vaccine pipeline is urgently needed to end the TB pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piac078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T09:36:08Z","timestamp":1661333768000},"page":"S110-S116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["What\u2019s Old and New in Tuberculosis Vaccines for Children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6938-9195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M","family":"Cranmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Emory Rollins School of Public Health , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2559-6034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark F","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl L","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"},{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1662-4961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Nemes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022103111080755900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00403-5","article-title":"100 years of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"22","author":"Lange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022103111080755900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine: a global assessment of demand and supply balance","volume":"36","author":"Cernuschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022103111080755900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5170","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5170","article-title":"Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review","volume":"355","author":"Higgins","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022103111080755900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00181-6","article-title":"BCG scar and positive tuberculin reaction associated with reduced child mortality in West Africa. 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