{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:24:35Z","timestamp":1787934275088,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We report the first case of Balamuthia mandrillaris granulomatous amoebic encephalitis definitively acquired in Africa. Our case emphasizes initial nonspecific dermatological features, delays in confirmation of the diagnosis, difficulties accessing recommended medication, and uncertainty about optimal treatment of a disease with a frequently fatal outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piac096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T18:19:52Z","timestamp":1661883592000},"page":"578-581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/i> Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis: The First African Experience"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafsah D","family":"Tootla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service (Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital) and University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian S","family":"Eley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes M N","family":"Enslin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town & Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Frean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Division of the National Health Laboratory Service) , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"Wits Research Institute for Malaria, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Hlela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy N","family":"Kilborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavani","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Division of the National Health Laboratory Service) , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazia","family":"Peer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town & Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital) and University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9389-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James J C","family":"Nuttall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy813","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical features of Balamuthia mandrillaris disease in the United States, 1974-2016","volume":"68","author":"Cope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pit033","article-title":"Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis: survival of a child with severe meningoencephalitis and review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Moriarty","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0003","first-page":"3287","article-title":"Free-living Amebae.","volume-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"Koshy","year":"2020","edition":"9"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773214Y.0000000143","article-title":"Presence of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae strains from well water samples in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"108","author":"Baquero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.10.015","article-title":"Balamuthia and Acanthamoeba-binding antibodies in West African human sera","volume":"126","author":"Kiderlen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.141325","article-title":"Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris Meningoencephalitis in the Netherlands after travel to the Gambia","volume":"21","author":"van der Beek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00875-06","article-title":"Multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri","volume":"44","author":"Qvarnstrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.5.1621-1625.2002","article-title":"18S ribosomal DNA typing and tracking of Acanthamoeba species isolates from corneal scrape specimens, contact lenses, lens cases, and home water supplies of Acanthamoeba keratitis patients in Hong Kong","volume":"40","author":"Booton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17359","article-title":"Epidemiology of central nervous system infectious diseases: a meta-analysis and systematic review with implications for neurosurgeons worldwide","volume":"130","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002090","article-title":"Availability, accessibility, and affordability of neurodiagnostic tests in 37 countries","volume":"85","author":"McLane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12955","article-title":"Drugs used for the treatment of cerebral and disseminated infections caused by free-living amoebae","volume":"14","author":"Taravaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"2022122811312462200_CIT0012","first-page":"e13698","article-title":"Miltefosine: a miracle drug for meningoencephalitis caused by free-living amoebas","volume":"13","author":"Alli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpids\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jpids\/piac096\/45879824\/piac096.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpids\/article-pdf\/11\/12\/578\/48438054\/piac096.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpids\/article-pdf\/11\/12\/578\/48438054\/piac096.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T11:40:37Z","timestamp":1672227637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpids\/article\/11\/12\/578\/6679270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpids\/piac096","relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7207","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]}}}