{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T08:05:12Z","timestamp":1778313912475,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD107559-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD107559-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD107555-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD107555-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Trial Innovation Network","award":["U24TR001608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24TR001608"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN275201000003I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275201000003I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) screening testing is a recommended mitigation strategy for schools, although few descriptions of program implementation are available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kindergarten through 12th grade (K\u201312) students and staff practicing universal masking during the delta and omicron variant waves from five schools in Durham, North Carolina and eight schools in Kansas City, Missouri participated; Durham\u2019s program was structured as a public health initiative facilitated by school staff, and Kansas City\u2019s as a research study facilitated by a research team. Tests included school-based rapid antigen or polymerase chain reaction testing, at-home rapid antigen testing, and off-site nucleic acid amplification testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed nearly 5700 screening tests on more than 1600 K\u201312 school students and staff members. The total cost for the Durham testing program in 5 public charter K\u201312 schools, each with 500\u20131000 students, was $246 587 and approximately 752 h per semester; cost per test was $70 and cost per positive result was $7076. The total cost for the Kansas City program in eight public K\u201312 schools was $292 591 and required approximately 537 h in personnel time for school-based testing; cost per test was $132 and cost per positive result was $4818. SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates were generally lower (0\u201316.16%) than rates in the community (2.7\u201336.47%) throughout all testing weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Voluntary screening testing programs in K\u201312 schools are costly and rarely detect asymptomatic positive persons, particularly in universally masked settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>NCT04831866.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piac119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T21:59:36Z","timestamp":1669067976000},"page":"64-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Screening Testing Programs for Safe In-person Learning in K\u201312 Schools"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ibukunoluwa C","family":"Kalu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , D urham, North Carolina , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanecia O","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , D urham, North Carolina , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"},{"name":"The ABC Science Collaborative , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICF , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Keener Mast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri, Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley M","family":"Blakemore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , D urham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganga","family":"Moorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , D urham, North Carolina , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelique E","family":"Boutzoukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , D urham, North Carolina , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa M","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , D urham, North Carolina , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diya","family":"Uthappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University School of Medicine, Doctor of Medicine Program , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"DeLaRosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , D urham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica M","family":"Potts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICF , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura J","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , D urham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rangaraj","family":"Selvarangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri, Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel K","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , D urham, North Carolina , USA"},{"name":"Department 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