{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:59:13Z","timestamp":1791561553829,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Department of Health and Age Care"},{"name":"NHMRC Investigator Grants"},{"name":"Raine Clinician Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rising proportions of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have been observed in both Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. isolates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance surveillance program captures clinical and microbiological data of isolates detected in blood cultures across Australia. EUCAST 2022 was used for interpretation and the AMR package in R for data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 2091 bloodstream infections (BSIs) with S. aureus and 534 enterococcal BSI episodes in children &amp;lt;18 years old over 9 years. Three quarters of S. aureus BSI episodes were community-onset (78.3%), while more than half of enterococcal BSIs were hospital-onset (56.9%). The median age for S. aureus BSIs was 6 years, while &amp;gt;50% of enterococcal BSIs were in children &amp;lt;12 months old. Fifteen percent of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant. Overall, 85.3% of S. aureus were resistant to penicillin, 12.5% resistant to erythromycin, 10.3% to clindamycin, and 4.7% to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to penicillin decreased over time, while clindamycin resistance increased. Resistance in Enterococcus spp. was almost entirely observed in Enterococcus faecium; only 1 Enterococcus faecalis isolate was ampicillin-resistant, and no E. faecalis isolates were vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant. Seventy-three percent of E. faecium were resistant to ampicillin, 25.5% to vancomycin (VREfm), and 8.8% to teicoplanin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant shifts in the epidemiology and resistance profiles of S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. BSIs in Australian children were observed, making clear the importance of age-stratified reporting in AMR data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piae110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:23:06Z","timestamp":1729124586000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance in\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Enterococcus<\/i>\n                    spp. Isolates From Bloodstream Infections in Australian Children, 2013\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5295-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, The Kids Research Institute Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey W","family":"Coombs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan M","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise A","family":"Daley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakeel","family":"Mowlaboccus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope A","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Clinical Paediatrics, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute , Parkville, Victoria ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5898-1126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita J","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, The Kids Research Institute Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children\u2019s Hospital , Nedlands, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Cooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Hobart Hospital , Hobart, Tasmania ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Iredell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research , Westmead, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District , Westmead, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Disease, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8974-6789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam D","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Infection Management and Prevention Service, Queensland Children\u2019s Hospital , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Kesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease & Microbiology, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead , Westmead, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"McMullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales , Kensington, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospitals Network , Randwick, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgyn S","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Directorate, SA Pathology, Central Adelaide Local Health Network , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe C M","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospitals Network , Randwick, New South Wales ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Women and Children\u2019s Health, University of New South Wales , Kensington, New South Wales 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