{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T20:39:51Z","timestamp":1782765591849,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP19K17290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K17290"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP23K14969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K14969"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected the epidemiology of community-acquired infectious diseases; however, the data on the effects of the pandemic on parechovirus-A3 (PeV-A3) circulation remain incomplete.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective multicenter observational study was conducted by the Pediatric Parechovirus Surveillance Group in Japan, comprising 12 prefectures, from 2019 to 2023. Febrile neonates and infants younger than 4\u00a0months, who were suspected of having sepsis, meningitis, and\/or encephalitis and required hospitalization, were included. Parechovirus-A (PeV-A) was detected in the serum and\/or cerebrospinal fluid samples by real-time PCR and genotyped by direct sequencing. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the viral protein 1 region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 131 patients were diagnosed with PeV-A infections. Before the pandemic in 2019, 36 patients (27.5%) were reported. Early in the pandemic, the number declined: seven (5.3%) in 2020, one (0.8%) in 2021, and 27 (20.6%) in 2022; however, the number increased to 60 (45.8%) after the removal of restrictions in 2023. Genotype analyses demonstrated that 124 (94.7%) patients had PeV-A3. The median age of PeV-A3 infected patients and peak months (July\u2013August) were similar between 2019 and 2023. PeV-A3 evolved into a single clade and divided into two branches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of neonates and young infants infected with PeV-A, mostly PeV-A3, significantly decreased at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the number increased in 2023. Our national surveillance system helped demonstrate the situations in PeV-A3-infected patients from the pre-pandemic period to the post-restriction era in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaf100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T01:30:18Z","timestamp":1762651818000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Parechovirus-A3 Infection in Neonates and Young Infants from the Pre-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Period to the Post-Restriction Era from the Pediatric Parechovirus Surveillance Group in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0617-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Aizawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata 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