{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:09:41Z","timestamp":1790726981035,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute for Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K23MH087225-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K23MH087225-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USAID-AMPATH"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows the world's 2.3 million human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013infected children to grow and thrive, these children need to be informed of their HIV status. Neither the prevalence of disclosure to children nor its impact has been evaluated in most resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a prospective assessment of a random sample of HIV-infected children ages 6\u201314 years enrolled in HIV care at a large referral clinic in Eldoret, Kenya. Clinicians administered questionnaires to children and caregivers independently at routine clinic visits to assess disclosure status, ART adherence, stigma, and depression. Children's demographic and clinical characteristics were extracted from chart review. We calculated descriptive statistics and performed logistic regression to assess the association between disclosure and other characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two hundred seventy children\u2013caregiver dyads completed questionnaires. The mean child age was 9.3 years (standard deviation 2.6); 49% were male, and 42% were orphans. 11.1% of children had been informed of their HIV status (N = 30). Of those under 10 years, 3.3% knew their status, whereas 9.2% of 10- to 12-year-olds and 39.5% of 13- to 14-year-olds knew they had HIV. Only age was significantly associated with disclosure status in both bivariate analyses (P &amp;lt; .0001) and multiple logistic regression (odds ratio 1.67, 95% confidence interval 1.36\u20132.05) when considering social demographics, disease stage variables, adherence, stigma measures, and depression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rates of informing children in western Kenya of their HIV status are low, even among older children. Guiding families through developmentally appropriate disclosure processes should be a key facet of long-term pediatric HIV management.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pit024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,26]],"date-time":"2013-04-26T04:01:42Z","timestamp":1366948902000},"page":"136-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Prevalence of Disclosure of HIV Status to HIV-Infected Children in Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Turissini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 \u00a0Children's Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"},{"name":"2 \u00a0United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Partnership"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winstone M.","family":"Nyandiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 \u00a0United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Partnership"},{"name":"3 \u00a0Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel O.","family":"Ayaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 \u00a0United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Partnership"},{"name":"3 \u00a0Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Marete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 \u00a0United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Partnership"},{"name":"3 \u00a0Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 \u00a0United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Partnership"},{"name":"3 \u00a0Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Chemboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 \u00a0United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Partnership"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Warui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 \u00a0United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Partnership"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Vreeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 \u00a0Children's Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"},{"name":"2 \u00a0United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Partnership"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102208032235800_PIT024C1","article-title":"Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Infants and Children: Towards Universal Access","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024102208032235800_PIT024C2","article-title":"2010 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic","volume":"23, 26","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024102208032235800_PIT024C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1107275","article-title":"Pediatric HIV\u2014a neglected disease?","volume":"365","author":"Lallemant","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024102208032235800_PIT024C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/01.DBP.0000267570.87564.cd","article-title":"Disclosure of an HIV diagnosis to children: history, current research, and future directions","volume":"28","author":"Wiener","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"2024102208032235800_PIT024C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.1.164","article-title":"Disclosure of illness status to children and adolescents with HIV infection. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatrics AIDS","volume":"103","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024102208032235800_PIT024C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5245(01)59193-2","article-title":"Disclosure of HIV diagnosis to children: when, where, why, and how","volume":"15","author":"Gerson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"2024102208032235800_PIT024C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120601129301","article-title":"Paediatric HIV\/AIDS disclosure: towards a developmental and process-oriented approach","volume":"19","author":"Lesch","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2024102208032235800_PIT024C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-006-9141-3","article-title":"Disclosure of HIV status and adherence to daily drug regimens among HIV-infected children in 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