{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:22:14Z","timestamp":1793118134647,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 14 million children attend more than 14000 US camps every year. Shared accommodations and activities can facilitate acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed data from the National Outbreak Reporting System on US youth camp\u2013associated AGE outbreaks that occurred between 2009 and 2016. We also conducted a systematic literature search of youth camp\u2013associated AGE outbreaks that have occurred around the world and a gray literature search for existing recommendations on outbreak prevention and control at camps worldwide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-nine US jurisdictions reported a total of 229 youth camp\u2013associated AGE outbreaks to the National Outbreak Reporting System. Of the 226 outbreaks included in our analyses, 120 (53%) were reported to have resulted from person-to-person transmission, 42 (19%) from an unknown transmission mode, 38 (17%) from foodborne transmission, 19 (8%) from waterborne transmission, 5 (2%) from animal contact, and 2 (&lt;1%) from environmental contamination. Among 170 (75%) outbreaks with a single suspected or confirmed etiology, norovirus (107 [63%] outbreaks), Salmonella spp (16 [9%]), and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (12 [7%]) were implicated most frequently. We identified 43 additional youth camp\u2013associated AGE outbreaks in the literature that occurred in various countries between 1938 and 2014. Control measures identified through the literature search included camp closure, separation of ill campers, environmental disinfection, and education on food preparation and hand hygiene.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Youth camp\u2013associated AGE outbreaks are caused by numerous pathogens every year. These outbreaks are facilitated by factors that include improper food preparation, inadequate cleaning and disinfection, shared accommodations, and contact with animals. Health education focused on proper hygiene and preventing disease transmission could help control or prevent these outbreaks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piy068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]],"date-time":"2018-07-14T11:11:56Z","timestamp":1531566716000},"page":"392-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevention and Control of Youth Camp\u2013Associated Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Anita K","family":"Kambhampati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN"},{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary A","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele C","family":"Hlavsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia A","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio R","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S","family":"Yoder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aron J","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"},{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019110600560484600_CIT0001","author":"American Camp Association"},{"key":"2019110600560484600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1071\/NB07042","article-title":"Investigation of an outbreak of acute illness in a school group visiting Sydney, September 2006","volume":"19","author":"Mannes","year":"2008","journal-title":"NSW Public Health 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