{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T20:39:51Z","timestamp":1782765591023,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17H04226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17fk0108204h1402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17fk0108204h1402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parechovirus A (PeV-A) is an important cause of sepsis and meningoencephalitis in neonates and young infants. Thus, identifying the source of PeV-A is essential for prevention; however, little is known regarding the spread of PeV-A among family members of PeV-A\u2013infected neonates and young infants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this prospective study, we evaluated stool samples from family members of PeV-A\u2013infected neonates and infants younger than 4 months who presented with sepsis, meningoencephalitis, or both in Niigata, Japan, in 2016. Because of a simultaneous outbreak, enteroviruses (EVs) were also evaluated during this period. Real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by sequence analysis was used for viral diagnosis using serum and\/or cerebrospinal fluid samples.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 54 febrile patients, the stool samples of 14 (26%) and 12 (22%) patients tested positive for PeV-A and EV, respectively. Stool samples from 54 family members (38 adults and 16 children) of 12 PeV-A\u2013infected patients were available. The rate of PeV-A positivity in these samples was higher among the children (88% [14 of 16]) than the adults (34% [13 of 38]). Among family members with a PeV-A\u2013positive stool sample, 29% (4 of 14) of the children and 77% (10 of 13) of the adults were asymptomatic. Similarly, among 53 stool samples from family members (31 adults and 22 children) of 11 EV-infected patients, the rate of EV positivity in the stool samples was higher among the children (91% [20 of 22]) than among the adults (42% [13 of 31]). The asymptomatic-patient rates were 45% (9 of 20) among the children and 85% (11 of 13) among the adults in family members with EV-positive stool.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Similar to EVs, PeV-A was detected frequently in stool samples from family members of PeV-A\u2013infected patients. Among family members with PeV-A\u2013positive stool, adults were more likely than children to be asymptomatic and therefore could be an important source of PeV-A infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piy079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T01:37:38Z","timestamp":1535593058000},"page":"501-506","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Intrafamilial Transmission of Parechovirus A and Enteroviruses in Neonates and Young Infants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ryohei","family":"Izumita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Deuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Aizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Habuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanako","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taketo","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Saitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019122702574790400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.03.003","article-title":"Pediatric parechovirus infections","volume":"60","author":"Esposito","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2019122702574790400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01649-16","article-title":"Genome sequence of novel human parechovirus type 17","volume":"5","author":"Bottcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"2019122702574790400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.10.010","article-title":"Clinical utility of serum samples for human parechovirus type 3 infection in neonates and young infants: the 2014 epidemic in Japan","volume":"72","author":"Aizawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2019122702574790400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1811.111570","article-title":"Epidemic myalgia in adults associated with human parechovirus type 3 infection, Yamagata, Japan, 2008","volume":"18","author":"Mizuta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019122702574790400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815c1b07","article-title":"Severe neonatal parechovirus infection and similarity with enterovirus infection","volume":"27","author":"Verboon-Maciolek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2019122702574790400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909233411301","article-title":"An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. 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