{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:44:27Z","timestamp":1792291467916,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE025275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE025275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1554417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1554417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We and others have previously shown that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) inhibits the activity of an important virulence factor, leukotoxin (LtxA), produced by the oral bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, suggesting the potential use of this molecule as an anti-virulence strategy to treat periodontal infections. Here, we sought to better understand the effects of EGCg on toxin secretion and A. actinomycetemcomitans pathogenicity in a co-culture model.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used a quantitative immunoblot assay to determine the concentrations of LtxA in the bacterial supernatant and on the bacterial cell surface. Using a co-culture model, consisting of A. actinomycetemcomitans and THP-1 cells, we studied the impact of EGCg-mediated changes in LtxA secretion on the toxicity of A. actinomycetemcomitans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>EGCg increased production of LtxA and changed the localization of secreted LtxA from the supernatant to the surface of the bacterial cells. In the co-culture model, a single low dose of EGCg did not protect host THP-1 cells from A. actinomycetemcomitans-mediated cytotoxicity, but a multiple dosing strategy had improved effects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Together, these results demonstrate that EGCg has important, but complicated, effects on toxin secretion and activity; new dosing strategies and comprehensive model systems may be required to properly develop these anti-virulence activities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgaa051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T04:13:53Z","timestamp":1609474433000},"page":"505-514","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Epigallocatechin gallate alters leukotoxin secretion and <i>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/i> virulence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"En Hyung","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, PA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1038-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela C","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, PA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103012055691100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3013","article-title":"Anti-virulence strategies to combat bacteria-mediated disease","volume":"9","author":"Rasko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Drug 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