{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:59:48Z","timestamp":1790798388709,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Viral outbreaks are a frequent concern for humans. A great variety of drugs has been used to treat viral diseases, which are not always safe and effective and may induce adverse effects, indicating the need for new antiviral drugs extracted from natural sources. Propolis is a bee-made product exhibiting many biological properties. An overview of viruses, antiviral immunity, propolis safety and its immunomodulatory and antiviral action is reported, as well as perspectives for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. PubMed platform was used for data collection, searching for the keywords \u201cpropolis\u201d, \u201cvirus\u201d, \u201cantiviral\u201d, \u201cantimicrobial\u201d and \u201ccoronavirus\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Key findings<\/jats:title>\n Propolis is safe and exerts antiviral and immunomodulatory activity; however, clinical trials should investigate its effects on individuals with viral diseases, in combination or not with antiviral drugs or vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Summary<\/jats:title>\n Regarding COVID-19, the effects of propolis should be investigated directly on the virus in vitro or on infected individuals alone or in combination with antiviral drugs, due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory action. Propolis administration simultaneously with vaccines should be analyzed, due to its adjuvant properties, to enhance the individuals\u2019 immune response. The search for therapeutic targets may be useful to find out how propolis can help to control COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgaa067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T04:13:53Z","timestamp":1609474433000},"page":"281-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Propolis antiviral and immunomodulatory activity: a review and perspectives for COVID-19 treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Ripari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu , Botucatu,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur Alves","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu , Botucatu,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"da Silva Honorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu , Botucatu,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Lopes","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu , Botucatu,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Ingrid","family":"Tasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu , Botucatu,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina Basso","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu , Botucatu,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3466-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Maur\u00edcio","family":"Sforcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Campus Botucatu , 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