{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T02:58:52Z","timestamp":1769050732877,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/RC\/2275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/RC\/2275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/RC\/2275_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/RC\/2275_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Current treatment for autonomic dysreflexia (AD) involves rupturing a liquid-filled soft capsule of nifedipine to aid rapid drug release and absorption, however, this application is not covered under the manufacturer's license. The objective of the current work was to design a rapidly dissolving solid dosage formulation for the treatment of AD as an alternative to the off-license \u201cbite and swallow\u201d use of currently available commercial products.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of nifedipine were prepared by spray-drying using three different polymers: hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl caprolactam\u2013polyvinyl acetate\u2013polyethylene glycol (Soluplus), at a 15% w\/w drug loading and were formulated and compressed into tablets. Dissolution testing was performed in the paddle dissolution apparatus using either a monophasic or biphasic medium.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The PVP\u2013nifedipine ASD tablets exhibited rapid dissolution, with 35% of the total nifedipine dose dissolving within 15 min in the monophasic dissolution medium. The HPMC\u2013nifedipine ASD exhibited a very slow dissolution, while the Solupus\u2013nifedipine system exhibited no nifedipine release over 120 min. When tested in the biphasic dissolution medium, the PVP\u2013nifedipine ASD tablets exhibited a release profile comparable to that of the pre-split\/ruptured nifedipine soft capsule product.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study demonstrates that a nifedipine\u2013PVP ASD is a promising formulation strategy in the treatment of AD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgab034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T20:45:10Z","timestamp":1613249110000},"page":"928-936","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Design and characterisation of an amorphous formulation of nifedipine for the treatment of autonomic dysreflexia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7488-7033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emer","family":"Browne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheena","family":"Cheyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Rehabilitation Hospital, Dun Laoghaire , County Dublin ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5093-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Marie","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0001","first-page":"1","article-title":"A systematic review of the management of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury","volume":"3.0","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil Evid"},{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1053\/mr.2000.3848","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of loss of supraspinal control of the sympathetic nervous system after spinal cord injury","volume":"81","author":"Teasell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31802f0247","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management","volume":"86","author":"Myers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0004","volume-title":"Policy and Procedure for the Management of Autonomic Dysreflexia","author":"National Rehabilitation Hospital","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0005","author":"British National Formulary"},{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03934.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral nifedipine in different populations","volume":"33","author":"Casta\u00f1eda-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II18","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.5.4_Pt_2.II18","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of nifedipine","volume":"5","author":"Raemsch","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0008","author":"British Pharmacopeia"},{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91258-X","article-title":"Negligible sublingual absorption of nifedipine","volume":"2","author":"van Harten","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540160050032","article-title":"Should a moratorium be placed on sublingual nifedipine capsules given for hypertensive emergencies and pseudoemergencies?","volume":"276","author":"Grossman","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024103012061080500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199630010-00003","article-title":"The nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS). 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