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The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines was determined in infected and non-infected macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The imidazoquinolines, 2 and 3, were primarily agonists of TLR7 with compound 3 also showing modest TLR8 activity. Docking studies showed them to occupy the same binding pocket on TLR7 and 8 as the known agonists, imiquimod and resiquimod. Compounds 2 and 3 inhibited the growth of L. amazonensis-intracellular amastigotes with the most potent compound (3, IC50 = 5.93 \u00b5M) having an IC50 value close to miltefosine (IC50 = 4.05 \u00b5M), a known anti-Leishmanial drug. Compound 3 induced macrophages to produce ROS, NO and inflammatory cytokines that likely explain the anti-Leishmanial effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study shows that activating TLR7 using compounds 2 or 3 induces anti-Leishmanial activity associated with induction of free radicals and inflammatory cytokines able to kill the parasites. While 2 and 3 had a very narrow cytotoxicity window for macrophages, this identifies the possibility to further develop this chemical scaffold to less cytotoxic TLR7\/8 agonist for potential use as anti-Leishmanial drug.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgab063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T15:11:40Z","timestamp":1617030700000},"page":"1180-1190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Toll-like receptor-7\/8 agonist kill\n                    <i>Leishmania amazonensis<\/i>\n                    by acting as pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory agent"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Deepender","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University , Chandigarh 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