{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:26:07Z","timestamp":1787009167707,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spirulina platensis (SP) is an edible Cyanobacterium with ethnomedicinal significance. This study aims at evaluating the beneficial effect of SP against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in male rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rats received intraperitoneal injections of CCl4 (2 ml\/kg body weight [b.w.] per every other day) for 40 days, alone or in combination with oral treatments of SP (400 mg\/kg b.w. per day).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SP attenuated haematological disturbances, serum liver markers, hepatic necrosis and inflammation, and dyslipidemia in CCl4-intoxicated rats. SP also reduced CCl4-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase and glutathione content, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation products and nitric oxide levels in the rat liver. Further investigations revealed that SP counteracted CCl4-induced increased hepatic levels of Ki-67 (a parameter of cell proliferation), interleukin-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA expression. Noticeably, the supplementation of SP restored the decrease of proapoptotic p53 protein levels in the liver of rats treated with CCl4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SP prevented liver damage in CCl4-treated rats via augmentation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and inhibition of inflammatory cytokines\/mediators and antiproliferative effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgab107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T08:20:51Z","timestamp":1625127651000},"page":"1562-1570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hepatoprotective effect of\n                    <i>Spirulina platensis<\/i>\n                    against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in male rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4786-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nema A","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University , Alexandria ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A M","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University , Alexandria ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah M","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University , Al-Ahsa ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0270-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf M","family":"Abdel-Moneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University , Alexandria ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2059-8292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba M","family":"Abdou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University , Alexandria ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103012143657300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-015-2067-2","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Andrographis 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