{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T05:04:50Z","timestamp":1766466290643,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) is one of the severe secondary complications of diabetes mellitus in humans. Vinpocetine is an alkaloid having pleiotropic pharmacological effects. The present study is designed to investigate the effect of vinpocetine in DC in rats.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rats were fed a high-fat diet for nine weeks along with single dose of streptozotocin after the second week to induce DC. The haemodynamic evaluation was performed to assess the functional status of rats using the Biopac system. Cardiac echocardiography, biochemical, oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory cytokine level were analysed in addition to haematoxylin\u2013eosin and Masson\u2019s trichome staining to study histological changes, cardiomyocyte diameter and fibrosis, respectively. Phosphodiesterase-1 (PDE-1), transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) and p-Smad 2\/3 expression in cardiac tissues were quantified using western blot\/RT-PCR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key finding<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vinpocetine treatment and its combination with enalapril decreased the glucose levels compared to diabetic rats. Vinpocetine improved the echocardiographic parameters and cardiac functional status of rats. Vinpocetine decreased the cardiac biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine levels, cardiomyocyte diameter and fibrosis in rats. Interestingly, expressions of PDE-1, TGF-\u03b2 and p-Smad 2\/3 were ameliorated by vinpocetine alone and in combination with enalapril.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vinpocetine is a well-known inhibitor of PDE-1 and the protective effect of vinpocetine in DC is exerted by inhibition of PDE-1 and subsequent inhibition of the expression of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad 2\/3.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgad043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T19:44:22Z","timestamp":1685043862000},"page":"1198-1211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of vinpocetine alone and in combination with enalapril in experimental model of diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats: possible involvement of PDE-1\/TGF-\u03b2\/ Smad 2\/3 signalling pathways"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-9774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal Kumar","family":"Vishwakarma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tajpreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy , Amritsar ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amrit Pal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudheer Kumar","family":"Arava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niraj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanesthesiogy and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj Kanwar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sushma","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SHKM Government Medical College , Nuh, Haryana 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