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Initially targeting contraception and local effects from antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents, recent advancements have broadened its scope. Notably, microbicide formulations showed promise against sexually transmitted diseases, offering superior protection and effective hormone therapies due to the vagina\u2019s large surface area and high permeability. The main agents used in vaginal delivery include contraceptives, prostaglandins, steroids, and antimicrobial substances, administered through tablets, suppositories, ointments, gels, creams, and vaginal rings. However, challenges such as slow dissolution and short residence time necessitate novel delivery systems. Mucoadhesive polymers are particularly valuable for enhancing drug absorption and extending treatment options. Comparative studies indicate that vaginal absorption of drugs like human growth hormone and insulin surpasses other parenteral routes. The development of standardized in vitro and in vivo testing methods remains crucial due to the diverse drug systems. While vaginal drug delivery offers benefits, such as high vascularization, low enzymatic activity, and increased bioavailability, it also faces drawbacks, including limited drug compatibility, sensitivity to vaginal pH, patient compliance issues, and potential local irritation. This review aims to elucidate the pathway, propose standardized methods for specific therapeutic areas, and highlight novel formulations like hydrogels and lipid nanoparticles for treating various diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgaf045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T07:22:29Z","timestamp":1748848949000},"page":"1149-1165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Exploring the potential of vaginal drug delivery: innovations, efficacy, and therapeutic prospects"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Sanchez Armengol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florina","family":"Veider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandoz , Biochemiestra\u00dfe 10, 6250, Kundl ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioconda","family":"Millotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula , 52100 Pula ,","place":["Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gergely","family":"Kali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bernkop-Schn\u00fcrch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2827-6741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Laffleur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090400314980700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3109\/03639049209046329","article-title":"Intravaginal drug delivery systems. 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