{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T03:16:42Z","timestamp":1768965402867,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taif University in Saudi Arabia","award":["TU-DSPP-2024-293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TU-DSPP-2024-293"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Carvedilol (CDL) is an oral beta-adrenergic blocker known for enhancing arterial blood flow and reducing hyperglycemia due to its antioxidant properties. However, CDL\u2019s short half-life leads to its low efficacy and poor bioavailability. This study aimed to develop a nasal spray of CDL-loaded transbilosomes (CTB) to improve CDL\u2019s sustainability, bioavailability, targeting, and effectiveness in controlling atherosclerosis in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various CTB formulations were created using a Box\u2013Behnken design to examine the effects of phospholipid, Span 60, and sodium deoxycholate (SDC) levels. In vivo evaluation of this optimal CTB formulation in a rat model of experimental diabetic high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The formulation containing 274.33\u00a0mg of phospholipid, 26.67\u00a0mg of Span 60, and 22.45\u00a0mg of SDC was identified as the optimal formulation. When compared with free CDL, the optimal CTB formulation enhanced sustainability, bioavailability, and targeting of CDL by 72.43%, 7.43-fold, and 7.55-fold, respectively. The nasal CTB group showed significant reductions in blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL, while increasing HDL and survival rates compared with the disease group. A histopathological study confirmed the efficacy of the nasal CTB spray.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The nasal CTB spray could be a potential therapy in controlling atherosclerosis in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgaf086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T11:48:05Z","timestamp":1756381685000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and optimization of carvedilol-loaded transbilosomes for the control of diabetic high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Marwa M","family":"Nagib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University , Cairo 11435 ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ala Hussain","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hummorabi College of Medicine, University of Babylon , Babil 51002 ,","place":["Iraq"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0082-4160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr Gamal","family":"Fouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef 62511 ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherif Faysal Abdelfattah","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef 62511 ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amany","family":"Belal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University , P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944 ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahad H","family":"Baali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University , Taif 11099 ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nisreen Khalid Aref","family":"Albezrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, Taif University , P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944 ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Medicine College, Taif University , Taif 11099 ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma I","family":"Abo El-Ela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef 62511 ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e721","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30117-0","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence, burden, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.3390\/life13102056","article-title":"Atherosclerosis from newborn to adult\u2014epidemiology, pathological aspects, and risk factors","volume":"13","author":"Luca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872612441582","article-title":"Atherosclerosis, platelets and thrombosis in acute ischaemic heart disease","volume":"1","author":"Badimon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2015.05.010","article-title":"Nutrition and atherosclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001145","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among Asian American adults: implications, management, and future directions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Kwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.237693","article-title":"Animal models of atherosclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Getz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S335","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800059-JLR200","article-title":"Diabetes and atherosclerosis: is there a role for hyperglycemia?","volume":"50","author":"Chait","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000266449.37396.1f","article-title":"Recipes for creating animal models of diabetic cardiovascular disease","volume":"100","author":"Hsueh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709958105","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes promotes disruption of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in LDL receptor-deficient mice","volume":"105","author":"Johansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.19.2570","article-title":"Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management","volume":"287","author":"Beckman","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00776-2","article-title":"Cardiorenal diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus: clinical trials and real-world practice","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205202","article-title":"Carvedilol ameliorates experimental atherosclerosis by regulating cholesterol efflux and exosome functions","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.010","article-title":"Carvedilol, a pharmacological antioxidant, inhibits neointimal matrix metalloproteinase-2 and-9 in experimental atherosclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12696","article-title":"Carvedilol and antioxidant proteins in a type I diabetes animal model","volume":"47","author":"Diogo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2006.092379","article-title":"Effects of metoprolol and carvedilol on pre-existing and new onset diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET)","volume":"93","author":"Torp-Pedersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2016.1165314","article-title":"Carvedilol nano lipid carriers: formulation, characterization and in-vivo evaluation","volume":"23","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref17","first-page":"1730","article-title":"New approach to hypertension treatment: carvediol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles, preparation, in vitro characterization and gastrointestinal stability","volume":"37","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lat Am J Pharm"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.162","article-title":"Enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble carvedilol by chitosan nanoparticles: optimization and pharmacokinetic study","volume":"135","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref19","first-page":"110","article-title":"Nasal drug delivery systems: an overview","volume":"3","author":"Ghori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2018836","article-title":"The intranasal route as an alternative method of medication administration","volume":"38","author":"Tucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12010198","article-title":"Nose-to-heart approach: unveiling an alternative route of acute treatment","volume":"12","author":"Papakyriakopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz467","article-title":"2019 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia the task force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed in collaboration with the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC)","volume":"41","author":"Brugada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-025-10517-y","article-title":"Bumetanide nasal spray: a novel approach to enhancing diuretic response and advancing ambulatory heart failure care?","volume":"30","author":"Biegus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.005","article-title":"Chitosan coated human serum albumin nanoparticles: a promising strategy for nose-to-brain drug delivery","volume":"129","author":"Piazzini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6347","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S381353","article-title":"Brain targeting of citicoline sodium via hyaluronic acid-decorated novel nano-transbilosomes for mitigation of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in a rat model: formulation, optimization, in vitro and in vivo assessment","volume":"17","author":"AbouElhassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2024.08.026","article-title":"Brain targeting of venlafaxine via intranasal transbilosomes thermogel for improved management of depressive disorder","volume":"113","author":"Alsaidan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092242","article-title":"Formulation and therapeutic evaluation of isoxsuprine-loaded nanoparticles against diabetes-associated stroke","volume":"15","author":"Abou-Taleb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-015-5022-1","article-title":"Evaluation of carvedilol compatibility with lipid excipients for the development of lipid-based drug delivery systems","volume":"123","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Therm Anal Calorim"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124684","article-title":"Improving the targeting and therapeutic efficacy of anastrazole for the control of breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo characterization","volume":"665","author":"El-Bakry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020126","article-title":"Enhancing the bioavailability and efficacy of vismodegib for the control of skin cancer: in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"15","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.09.033","article-title":"Comparison of different in vitro release methods used to investigate nanocarriers intended for dermal application","volume":"513","author":"Balzus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051425","article-title":"Development of carvedilol-loaded albumin-based nanoparticles with factorial design to optimize in vitro and in vivo performance","volume":"15","author":"Attia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2021.11.007","article-title":"Harnessing of doxylamine succinate\/pyridoxine hydrochloride-dual laden bilosomes as a novel combinatorial nanoparadigm for intranasal delivery: in vitro optimization and in vivo pharmacokinetic appraisal","volume":"111","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020591","article-title":"Safety in rats of a novel nasal spray formulation for the prevention of airborne viral infections","volume":"15","author":"Tanori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2010.01.007","article-title":"PKSolver: an add-in program for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data analysis in Microsoft Excel","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput Methods Prog Biomed"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1546291","article-title":"Ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats: intraperitoneal versus intravenous administration using a microsurgical femoral vein access","volume":"31","author":"Ritschl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.09.034","article-title":"Evaluation of critical parameters for in vitro skin permeation and penetration studies using animal skin models","volume":"111","author":"Pra\u00e7a","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.03.107","article-title":"Ginkgetin ameliorates experimental atherosclerosis in rats","volume":"102","author":"Lian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02913315","article-title":"Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin in rats","volume":"22","author":"Akbarzadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-00983-2","article-title":"Beta-blockers for atherosclerosis prevention: a missed opportunity?","volume":"24","author":"Vrablik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(14)60231-8","article-title":"Acute and subacute oral toxicity study on the flavonoid rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia seed in albino rats","volume":"4","author":"Ekeanyanwu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.204654","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiatherogenic property of lycopene and astaxanthin in atherosclerosis-induced rats","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.310528","article-title":"Suppression of hypoxia and inflammatory pathways by Phyllanthus niruri extract inhibits angiogenesis in DMBA-induced breast cancer mice","volume":"16","author":"Ramadhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178223420951193","DOI":"10.1177\/1178223420951193","article-title":"Antitumour property of Pterocarpus santalinus seeds against DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats","volume":"14","author":"Akhouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Basic Clin Res"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132506","article-title":"Vascular adventitia calcification and its underlying mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-012-0783-8","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of doxorubicin-loaded (PEG) 3-PLA nanopolymersomes (PolyDoxSome) using DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma rat model and comparison with marketed LipoDox\u2122","volume":"29","author":"Ayen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rqad021","DOI":"10.1093\/rpsppr\/rqad021","article-title":"Exploring the potential of intranasal drug delivery systems in the management of hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Hassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"RPS Pharm Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201814666171013150534","article-title":"Nanomedicine for intranasal delivery to improve brain uptake","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00603.x","article-title":"Nasal delivery of antimigraine drugs: clinical rationale and evidence base","volume":"46","author":"Rapoport","year":"2006","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2010.492520","article-title":"Polymer based solutions of bupranolol hydrochloride for intranasal systemic delivery","volume":"19","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1208\/pt050463","article-title":"Effect of organogel components on in vitro nasal delivery of propranolol hydrochloride","volume":"5","author":"Pisal","year":"2004","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.06.008","article-title":"Effect on the nasal bioavailability of co-processing drug and bioadhesive carrier via spray-drying","volume":"379","author":"Coucke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-015-0440-8","article-title":"Development, optimization, and evaluation of carvedilol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for intranasal drug delivery","volume":"17","author":"Aboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/02652040310001599742","article-title":"Oxprenolol-loaded bioadhesive microspheres: preparation and in vitro\/in vivo characterization","volume":"20","author":"Preda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Microencapsul"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101633","article-title":"The impact of improving dermal permeation on the efficacy and targeting of liposome nanoparticles as a potential treatment for breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118817","article-title":"Transferosomes as nanocarriers for drugs across the skin: quality by design from lab to industrial scale","volume":"573","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.02.006","article-title":"In-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation of raloxifene hydrochloride delivery using nano-transfersome based formulations","volume":"45","author":"Joshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref59","article-title":"Optimization of casting process based on Box Behnken design and response surface methodology","volume":"8","author":"Raghupathy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Qual Res"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18010031","article-title":"Fabrication and in vivo evaluation of in situ pH-sensitive hydrogel of Sonidegib\u2013Invasomes via intratumoral delivery for basal cell skin cancer management","volume":"18","author":"Ghalwash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1021\/mp500817h","article-title":"Release kinetics study of poorly water-soluble drugs from nanoparticles: are we doing it right?","volume":"12","author":"Abouelmagd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12080732","article-title":"In vitro release study of the polymeric drug nanoparticles: development and validation of a novel method","volume":"12","author":"Weng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102780","article-title":"Bioavailability enhancement of nanostructured microparticles of carvedilol","volume":"66","author":"Prieto L\u00f3pez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314595","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk of amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease","volume":"40","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111865","article-title":"Food insecurity and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in adults with diabetes","volume":"106","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.650812","article-title":"Do different metabolic syndrome definitions predict cerebrovascular events and coronary heart disease independent of their components? 9 years follow-up of the Tehran lipid and glucose study","volume":"43","author":"Hadaegh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012010271231200_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2005.085","article-title":"Understanding hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis: lessons from genetically modified apoe and ldlr mice","volume":"43","author":"Wouters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/78\/1\/rgaf086\/64345653\/rgaf086.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/78\/1\/rgaf086\/64345653\/rgaf086.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T15:27:25Z","timestamp":1768922845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jpp\/rgaf086\/8261504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpp\/rgaf086","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3573","2042-7158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3573","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"article-number":"rgaf086"}}