{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T14:11:07Z","timestamp":1782396667284,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dabigatran etexilate (DAB), a direct thrombin inhibitor, exhibits limited oral bioavailability (6%\u20137%), mostly attributable to pH-dependent solubility. To address this issue, Eudragit S100 (EU)-coated liposomes were engineered to safeguard DAB-loaded nanocarriers in the stomach and provide targeted release in the intestine, where absorption occurs through several mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Liposomal vesicles were prepared using the conventional thin film hydration method. The developed formulations were subjected to physicochemical characterization, which included Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), zeta potential analysis, particle size measurement, polydispersity index (PDI) assessment, entrapment efficiency (EE%), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The selected formulation, EU@DAB-Lip4, exhibited advantageous properties: minimal particle size (136.9\u00a0nm), high EE (92.67%), and colloidal stability (zeta potential \u221217.3\u00a0mV). In vitro release demonstrated pH-responsive behaviour, with low gastric release (12.8% at 2\u00a0hr) and enhanced intestinal release (75.5% at pH\u00a07.4). Pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated a 5.6-fold and 2.7-fold enhancement in bioavailability for EU@DAB-Lip4 relative to DAB-Lip and DAB suspension, respectively, as indicated by elevated Cmax (2664 vs. 891 and 554\u00a0ng\/ml) and AUC\u2080\u2212\u221e (21\u2009020 vs. 7236 and 3749\u00a0ng.hr\/ml).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EU-coated liposomes constitute a viable platform for enhancing DAB bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgaf103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T11:56:41Z","timestamp":1759406201000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Eudragit S100\u2013coated liposomes: a pH-responsive strategy to overcome dabigatran etexilate\u2019s oral bioavailability challenge"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3727-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maged K","family":"Elsayad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City 11751, Cairo ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1452-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulsalam M","family":"Kassem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City 11751, Cairo ,","place":["Egypt"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia National University , 70 km Cairo-Alexandria Agricultural Road, Menofia ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6301-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsaied H","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City 11751, Cairo ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0322-5064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City 11751, Cairo ,","place":["Egypt"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia National University , 70 km Cairo-Alexandria Agricultural Road, Menofia ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7946-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk , Tabuk, 71491 ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8001-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman A","family":"Bseiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Sixth of October City 12585, Central Axis- Part 1\/1- Behind Sixth of October City Authority, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.04.028","article-title":"Novel dabigatran etexilate hemisuccinate-loaded polycap: physicochemical characterisation and in vivo evaluation in beagle dogs","volume":"525","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.107.019083","article-title":"The metabolism and disposition of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran, in humans","volume":"36","author":"Blech","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2622","article-title":"Dabigatran etexilate","volume":"7","author":"Eriksson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2022.09.015","article-title":"Dabigatran etexilate is efficacious in consumptive coagulopathy and pain associated with venous malformations","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theochem.2009.09.011","article-title":"Molecular structure, lipophilicity, solubility, absorption, and polar surface area of novel anticoagulant agents","volume":"916","author":"Remko","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mol Struct THEOCHEM"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2022.2062377","article-title":"Biopharmaceutics considerations for direct oral anticoagulants","volume":"47","author":"Andrade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200847050-00001","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate","volume":"47","author":"Stangier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref8","author":"Brueck","year":"2013."},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref9","article-title":"Pharmaceutical oral dosage forms comprising dabigatran etexilate and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts","author":"Kroselj"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.08.009","article-title":"A dabigatran etexilate phospholipid complex nanoemulsion system for further oral bioavailability by reducing drug-leakage in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"14","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2016.1278015","article-title":"Improved oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of dabigatran etexilate via Soluplus-TPGS binary mixed micelles system","volume":"43","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124775","article-title":"Myricetin-loaded SBA-15 silica nanoparticles for enhanced management of pyrexia, pain, and inflammation through modulation of MAPK\/NF-\u03baB and COX-2\/PGE-2 pathways: evidence from the biochemical, histological, and metabolomic analysis","volume":"666","author":"El-Gendy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202403276","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202403276","article-title":"Larvicidal effects of Cymbopogon commutatus essential oil and its based nanoformulations on Culex pipiens: chemical profiling and physicochemical characterization","volume":"22","author":"Elghonemy","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01825-9","article-title":"Simvastatin loaded surface-decorated 3D-dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles for enhanced antihyperlipidemic activity: in vitro and in vivo appraisal","volume":"15","author":"Kassem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Transl Res"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-022-02464-w","article-title":"Quercetin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticle\u2013based lyophilized tablets for enhanced physicochemical features and dissolution rate: formulation, optimization, and in vitro evaluation","volume":"24","author":"Elmowafy","year":"2023","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2023.106652","article-title":"pH-sensitive silica nanoparticles for colon-specific delivery and controlled release of catechin: optimization of loading efficiency and in vitro release kinetics","volume":"192","author":"Kassem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21608\/ajps.2021.153554","article-title":"A study on the role of zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine lipid (S) in physicochemical features of liposome encapsulated paclitaxel as a drug delivery system","volume":"63","author":"Kassem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Al-Azhar J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2017.1328464","article-title":"Development and optimisation of atorvastatin calcium loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for enhancing oral bioavailability: in vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"34","author":"Kassem","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Microencapsul"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105804","article-title":"Fabrication of prostructured spanlastics gel for improving transdermal effect of dapagliflozin: In vitro characterization studies and in vivo antidiabetic activity","volume":"97","author":"Barakat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-02896-6","article-title":"Beyond skin deep: phospholipid-based nanovesicles as game-changers in transdermal drug delivery","volume":"25","author":"Akl","year":"2024","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimisation of albendazole delivery and assessment of anticancer potential in hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cells) using surface modified nanostructured lipid carriers","volume":"0","author":"Anwar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Microencapsul"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","author":"Elmowafy","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-025-03135-2"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Hendawy","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041124"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Hydrocortisone loaded lipid \u2013 polymer hybrid nanoparticles for controlled topical delivery: formulation design optimization, in vitro and in vivo appraisal","author":"Alsaidan","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c00638"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111376","article-title":"Lipid-based nanoformulations for drug delivery: an ongoing perspective","volume":"16","author":"Rehman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030264","article-title":"Liposomes for enhanced bioavailability of water-insoluble drugs: In vivo evidence and recent approaches","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-8-102","article-title":"Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications","volume":"8","author":"Akbarzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res Lett"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2007.01.019","article-title":"Characterization of the drug retention and pharmacokinetic properties of liposomal nanoparticles containing dihydrosphingomyelin","volume":"1768","author":"Johnston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(01)00505-3","article-title":"Surface modification of liposomes for selective cell targeting in cardiovascular drug delivery","volume":"78","author":"Lestini","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.16.9","article-title":"Recent advances in liposome surface modification for oral drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2004172","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202004172","article-title":"Active transportation of liposome enhances tumor accumulation, penetration, and therapeutic efficacy","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref32","first-page":"333","article-title":"Drug delivery to the lymphatic system","volume":"14","author":"Porter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.120083","article-title":"Resveratrol and artemisinin eudragit-coated liposomes: a strategy to tackle intestinal tumors","volume":"592","author":"Fernandez-Busquets","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2021.107727","article-title":"Biopolymer-liposome hybrid systems for controlled delivery of bioactive compounds: recent advances","volume":"48","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.05.007","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of quercetin in Eudragit-coated liposomes for intestinal delivery","volume":"565","author":"Caddeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.09.028","article-title":"Evaluation of liposomes coated with a pH responsive polymer","volume":"402","author":"Barea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123597","article-title":"Optimization, cellular uptake, and in vivo evaluation of Eudragit S100-coated bile salt-containing liposomes for oral colonic delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid","volume":"648","author":"Alghurabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-3084(67)90030-8","article-title":"Osmotic properties and water permeability of phospholipid liquid crystals","volume":"1","author":"Bangham","year":"1967","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2016.1255640","article-title":"Polymer coated liposomes for use in the oral cavity \u2013 a study of the in vitro toxicity, effect on cell permeability and interaction with mucin","volume":"28","author":"Klemetsrud","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Liposome Res"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113642","article-title":"Analytical characterization of liposomes and other lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery","volume":"192","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6547","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126547","article-title":"Basic methods for preparation of liposomes and studying their interactions with different compounds, with the emphasis on polyphenols","volume":"22","author":"\u0160turm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2013.02.025","article-title":"Structural characterization of the poly (ethylene glycol) layer of sterically stabilized liposomes by means of FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"49","author":"Varga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Polym J"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/08982100802310261","article-title":"Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): a tool to study the thermal behavior of lipid bilayers and liposomal stability","volume":"18","author":"Demetzos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Liposome Res"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020680","article-title":"Anti-tumor activity of orally administered gefitinib-loaded nanosized cubosomes against colon cancer","volume":"15","author":"El-Shenawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref45","first-page":"286","article-title":"UV spectrophotometric assay method development and validation of dabigatran etexilate in capsules","volume":"7","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2014.964554","article-title":"A novel nanobiotherapeutic poly-[hemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase-carbonic anhydrase] with no cardiac toxicity for the resuscitation of a rat model with 90 minutes of sustained severe hemorrhagic shock with loss of 2\/3 blood volume","volume":"43","author":"Bian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2024.2404168","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of dabigatran in a rat model of hyperlipidaemia induced by poloxamer 407","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.07.002","article-title":"Liposomes: advancements and innovation in the manufacturing process","volume":"154","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S37859","article-title":"Molecular targeting of liposomal nanoparticles to tumor microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2008.01.002","article-title":"Bioavailability of nanoparticles in nutrient and nutraceutical delivery","volume":"14","author":"Acosta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2020.1870237","article-title":"Chitosan caged liposomes for improving oral bioavailability of rivaroxaban: in vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Elsayad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm Dev Technol"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132693","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of Eudragit S100-coated bile salt-containing liposomes for oral colonic delivery of budesonide","volume":"14","author":"Alghurabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(96)04801-6","article-title":"Interactions between liposomes and chitosan II: effect of selected parameters on aggregation and leakage","volume":"146","author":"Henriksen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-018-1046-y","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics of liposomal docetaxel for oral administration","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(02)00461-1","article-title":"Positively charged nanoparticles for improving the oral bioavailability of cyclosporin-A","volume":"249","author":"El-Shabouri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103335","article-title":"pH-sensitive liposomes for colonic co-delivery of mesalazine and curcumin for the treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"72","author":"Aib","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100147","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202100147","article-title":"Advances in nanomedicines for interaction with the intestinal barrier","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv NanoBiomed Res"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00126D","article-title":"Liposomes for oral delivery of protein and peptide-based therapeutics: challenges, formulation strategies, and advances","volume":"9","author":"Jash","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2025.2494127","article-title":"Stearyl amine coated liposome of rotigotine alleviates cognitive deficit in Parkinson\u2019s disease induced mice model: modulation of oxidative stress, and motor coordination","volume":"51","author":"Bhairu Khot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015802427428","article-title":"The transport barrier of epithelia: a comparative study on membrane permeability and charge selectivity in the rabbit","volume":"9","author":"Rojanasakul","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2023.106688","article-title":"Recent advances and clinical translation of liposomal delivery systems in cancer therapy","volume":"193","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s12247-025-09990-7","article-title":"Comparison of dabigatran Etexilate self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems formulation optimization techniques: design expert vs. MATLAB","volume":"20","author":"Korni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm Innov"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2022.127047","article-title":"Study of dabigatran etexilate polymorphs for improved manufacturing processability","volume":"606","author":"Datir","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cryst Growth"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3184\/174751916X14664340623037","article-title":"Synthesis, crystal structural, and spectral characterisation of dabigatran etexilate tetrahydrate","volume":"40","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chem Res"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-009-0524-z","article-title":"Biophysical studies on chitosan-coated liposomes","volume":"38","author":"Mady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Biophys J"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061185","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of oral antithrombotic therapies in atherosclerotic disease and atrial fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Falco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref67","first-page":"96","article-title":"Liposomal formulations for enhanced lymphatic drug delivery. asian","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026021208122375600_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.09.007","article-title":"Lipid-based delivery systems and intestinal lymphatic drug transport: a mechanistic update","volume":"60","author":"Trevaskis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/78\/2\/rgaf103\/64948965\/rgaf103.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/78\/2\/rgaf103\/64948965\/rgaf103.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:12:29Z","timestamp":1770901949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jpp\/rgaf103\/8303319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpp\/rgaf103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3573","2042-7158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3573","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"article-number":"rgaf103"}}