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This study prepared a lipid-based self-emulsifying system containing clove oil-derived \u03b2-Cary and investigated its bioavailability and anti-inflammatory effects upon oral administration in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The formulation (\u03b2-SNEDDS), composed of \u03b2-Cary, surfactant, and lipophilic phase, was evaluated as size, morphology, and rheology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u03b2-SNEDDS exhibited Newtonian flow and formed spherical droplets (\u2248100\u00a0nm) in water and phosphate-buffered saline (pH\u00a06.8), with a diameter\u2009~15% higher in PBS, likely due to ionic strength affecting surfactant hydration and interfacial structure. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed spherical particles in simulated gastrointestinal medium. \u03b2-SNEDDS showed twice the oral bioavailability of \u03b2-Cary. This phenomenon allowed \u03b2-SNEDDS to reduce carrageenan-induced paw edema and pleural polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment in the pleural cavity of rats, showing greater efficacy than \u03b2-Cary. Furthermore, \u03b2-Cary reduced N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro, and oral \u03b2-SNEDDS or \u03b2-Cary reduced rolling and adherent leukocytes in situ in rat microvascular endothelium. Notably, \u03b2-SNEDDS exhibited a more pronounced effect on rolling behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u03b2-Cary showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting leukocyte migration to the inflamed site. Its \u03b2-SNEDDS formulation improved oral bioavailability and additional anti-inflammatory parameters in vivo, beyond those achieved by \u03b2-Cary, supporting this approach as a promising oral strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgaf105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T12:05:40Z","timestamp":1759925140000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improving the oral bioavailability and anti-inflammatory potential of clove oil-derived \u03b2-caryophyllene with a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Any Carolina","family":"Chagas-Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maring\u00e1 , Colombo Avenue 5790, 87020-900, Maring\u00e1, PR,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Ames-Sibin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maring\u00e1 , Colombo Avenue 5790, 87020-900, Maring\u00e1, PR,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Cristina","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa , Colombo Avenue 5790, 87020-900, Maring\u00e1, PR ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina Barbosa","family":"de Souza Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maring\u00e1 , Colombo Avenue 5790, 87020-900, Maring\u00e1, PR ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiane C","family":"Finimundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO , LA SusTEC, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus of Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, \u00a0","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francielli Maria","family":"de Souza Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maring\u00e1 , Colombo Avenue 5790, 87020-900, Maring\u00e1, PR, \u00a0","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Professor of Pharmacology, Cesumar University - UniCesumar , Av. Guedner 1610, Jardim Aclima\u00e7\u00e3o, 87050-900, Maring\u00e1, PR ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anacharis Babeto","family":"de S\u00e1-Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maring\u00e1 , Colombo Avenue 5790, 87020-900, Maring\u00e1, PR,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3315-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edvia","family":"Bracht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maring\u00e1 , Colombo Avenue 5790, 87020-900, Maring\u00e1, PR,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus of Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, 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