{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:23:08Z","timestamp":1770834188236,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pingtung Christian Hospital, Taiwan","award":["PS114023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS114023"]}]},{"name":"Pingtung Christian Hospital, Taiwan","award":["PS114024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS114024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC-113-2635-B-276-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-113-2635-B-276-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the effects of the noncatechin flavonoids (NCFs), a mixture of a range of flavonoids obtained from Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze seeds on Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-two 10-week-old SHR rats were randomly assigned to four groups. The RD group was fed a regular diet. The DM group was injected with \u2018streptozotocin (STZ, 50\u00a0mg\/kg)\u2019 and nicotinamide \u2018(NA, 100\u00a0mg\/kg)\u2019 and fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The NCF0.5 group or NCF5 group was injected with \u2018STZ\/NA\u2019 and fed HFD plus oral gavage NCF 0.5 or 5\u00a0mg\/kg\/day for four weeks, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T2DM was successfully induced as evidenced by lower body weight and higher blood pressure, blood glucose, HbA1c; lower insulin, GLP-1; and higher IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and MDA and deterioration of proteins regulating vasocontraction and vasodilation (AGTR1, AGTR2, ETB, eNOS), regulating glucose metabolism (AMPK, IRB, IRS-1, PI3K, Akt\/PKB, PPAR-\u03b3, GLUT-4, HKase, PKase, GSK-3\u03b1, PEPCK, G6Pase) and free radical scavengers (catalase, GPx). These biochemical parameters were improved dose dependently by NCFs, suggesting that association with NCFs had anti-T2DM, antiperoxidation, and anti-inflammatory effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCFs possessing total flavonoids (42.5\u00a0\u00b1\u20093.4\u00a0\u03bcg\/mg), not saponins and catechins, could efficiently control T2DM. Thus, NCF could potentially develop into an agent for controlling T2DM and related complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgag002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T12:24:35Z","timestamp":1767702275000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Noncatechin flavonoid-rich extract from\n                    <i>Camellia sinensis<\/i>\n                    (L.) Kuntze seed residues ameliorates diabetes and vascular complications in SHRs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4914-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Ping","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology , Neipu, Pingtung 91201 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shun-Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anesthesiology, Pingtung Christian Hospital , Pingtung 90059,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Long","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pingtung Christian Hospital , Pingtung 90059 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu-Chih","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eami Biotech Co., LTD , Qiaotou District, Kaohsiung 825008 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huey-Jen","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital , Kaohsiung 80202 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Meiho University , Neipu, Pingtung 91202 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Mei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology , Neipu, Pingtung 91201 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