{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T18:08:00Z","timestamp":1771265280957,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia","award":["APP1173363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1173363"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP190100938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP190100938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) are currently being transitioned from hydrofluoroalkanes HFA134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), HFA 227, and HFA227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) to low-GWP (global warming potential) propellants such as HFO1234ze(E) (1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) and HFA152a (1,1-difluoroethane). This study aimed to investigate the impact of different propellants on the behaviour of maturated beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) particles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physicochemical analysis and a dissolution methodology were also used to observe the influence that low-GWP propellants had on the behaviour of maturated BDP particles following pMDI aerosolization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aerodynamic particle size distributions produced by all three formulations were broadly comparable [mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)\u2009=\u20091.25\u00a0\u03bcm]. Morphological analysis of maturated BDP particles collected on stage 5 of the Anderson Cascade Impactor showed that HFA134a produced a higher ratio of irregular-shaped particles (53.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.0%) with smaller geometric size (1.45\u2009\u00b1\u20090.43\u00a0\u03bcm). The in vitro dissolution rate of the collected maturated particles from the different propellant-based formulations followed the rank order HFA134a\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009HFO1234ze(E)\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009HFA152a, which correlated with the morphological analysis, suggesting smaller, more irregular-shaped maturated BDP particles exhibited increased wetting and higher specific surface area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Morphological assessment of the maturated BDP particles collected from ACI stage 5 with different propellants suggested some differences in particle shape and geometric particle size which may influence the dissolution behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n                  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